Language.php

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<?php
use CLDRPluralRuleParser\Evaluator;

class Language {
    public $mConverter;

    public $mVariants, $mCode, $mLoaded = false;
    public $mMagicExtensions = [], $mMagicHookDone = false;
    private $mHtmlCode = null, $mParentLanguage = false;

    public $dateFormatStrings = [];
    public $mExtendedSpecialPageAliases;

    protected $namespaceNames, $mNamespaceIds, $namespaceAliases;

    public $transformData = [];

    static public $dataCache;

    static public $mLangObjCache = [];

    static public $mWeekdayMsgs = [
        'sunday', 'monday', 'tuesday', 'wednesday', 'thursday',
        'friday', 'saturday'
    ];

    static public $mWeekdayAbbrevMsgs = [
        'sun', 'mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu', 'fri', 'sat'
    ];

    static public $mMonthMsgs = [
        'january', 'february', 'march', 'april', 'may_long', 'june',
        'july', 'august', 'september', 'october', 'november',
        'december'
    ];
    static public $mMonthGenMsgs = [
        'january-gen', 'february-gen', 'march-gen', 'april-gen', 'may-gen', 'june-gen',
        'july-gen', 'august-gen', 'september-gen', 'october-gen', 'november-gen',
        'december-gen'
    ];
    static public $mMonthAbbrevMsgs = [
        'jan', 'feb', 'mar', 'apr', 'may', 'jun', 'jul', 'aug',
        'sep', 'oct', 'nov', 'dec'
    ];

    static public $mIranianCalendarMonthMsgs = [
        'iranian-calendar-m1', 'iranian-calendar-m2', 'iranian-calendar-m3',
        'iranian-calendar-m4', 'iranian-calendar-m5', 'iranian-calendar-m6',
        'iranian-calendar-m7', 'iranian-calendar-m8', 'iranian-calendar-m9',
        'iranian-calendar-m10', 'iranian-calendar-m11', 'iranian-calendar-m12'
    ];

    static public $mHebrewCalendarMonthMsgs = [
        'hebrew-calendar-m1', 'hebrew-calendar-m2', 'hebrew-calendar-m3',
        'hebrew-calendar-m4', 'hebrew-calendar-m5', 'hebrew-calendar-m6',
        'hebrew-calendar-m7', 'hebrew-calendar-m8', 'hebrew-calendar-m9',
        'hebrew-calendar-m10', 'hebrew-calendar-m11', 'hebrew-calendar-m12',
        'hebrew-calendar-m6a', 'hebrew-calendar-m6b'
    ];

    static public $mHebrewCalendarMonthGenMsgs = [
        'hebrew-calendar-m1-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m2-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m3-gen',
        'hebrew-calendar-m4-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m5-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m6-gen',
        'hebrew-calendar-m7-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m8-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m9-gen',
        'hebrew-calendar-m10-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m11-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m12-gen',
        'hebrew-calendar-m6a-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m6b-gen'
    ];

    static public $mHijriCalendarMonthMsgs = [
        'hijri-calendar-m1', 'hijri-calendar-m2', 'hijri-calendar-m3',
        'hijri-calendar-m4', 'hijri-calendar-m5', 'hijri-calendar-m6',
        'hijri-calendar-m7', 'hijri-calendar-m8', 'hijri-calendar-m9',
        'hijri-calendar-m10', 'hijri-calendar-m11', 'hijri-calendar-m12'
    ];

    static public $durationIntervals = [
        'millennia' => 31556952000,
        'centuries' => 3155695200,
        'decades' => 315569520,
        'years' => 31556952, // 86400 * ( 365 + ( 24 * 3 + 25 ) / 400 )
        'weeks' => 604800,
        'days' => 86400,
        'hours' => 3600,
        'minutes' => 60,
        'seconds' => 1,
    ];

    static private $fallbackLanguageCache = [];

    static private $grammarTransformations;

    static private $languageNameCache;

    static private $lre = "\xE2\x80\xAA"; // U+202A LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING
    static private $rle = "\xE2\x80\xAB"; // U+202B RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING
    static private $pdf = "\xE2\x80\xAC"; // U+202C POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING

    // @codingStandardsIgnoreStart
    // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
    static private $strongDirRegex = 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}-\x{10e5f}\x{10e7f}-\x{10fff}\x{1e800}-\x{1e8cf}\x{1e8d7}-\x{1edff}\x{1ef00}-\x{1efff}\x{608}\x{60b}\x{60d}\x{61b}-\x{64a}\x{66d}-\x{66f}\x{671}-\x{6d5}\x{6e5}\x{6e6}\x{6ee}\x{6ef}\x{6fa}-\x{710}\x{712}-\x{72f}\x{74b}-\x{7a5}\x{7b1}-\x{7bf}\x{8a0}-\x{8e2}\x{fb50}-\x{fd3d}\x{fd40}-\x{fdcf}\x{fdf0}-\x{fdfc}\x{fdfe}\x{fdff}\x{fe70}-\x{fefe}\x{1ee00}-\x{1eeef}\x{1eef2}-\x{1eeff}]))/u';
    // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
    // @codingStandardsIgnoreEnd

    static function factory( $code ) {
        global $wgDummyLanguageCodes, $wgLangObjCacheSize;

        if ( isset( $wgDummyLanguageCodes[$code] ) ) {
            $code = $wgDummyLanguageCodes[$code];
        }

        // get the language object to process
        $langObj = isset( self::$mLangObjCache[$code] )
            ? self::$mLangObjCache[$code]
            : self::newFromCode( $code );

        // merge the language object in to get it up front in the cache
        self::$mLangObjCache = array_merge( [ $code => $langObj ], self::$mLangObjCache );
        // get rid of the oldest ones in case we have an overflow
        self::$mLangObjCache = array_slice( self::$mLangObjCache, 0, $wgLangObjCacheSize, true );

        return $langObj;
    }

    protected static function newFromCode( $code ) {
        if ( !Language::isValidCode( $code ) ) {
            throw new MWException( "Invalid language code \"$code\"" );
        }

        if ( !Language::isValidBuiltInCode( $code ) ) {
            // It's not possible to customise this code with class files, so
            // just return a Language object. This is to support uselang= hacks.
            $lang = new Language;
            $lang->setCode( $code );
            return $lang;
        }

        // Check if there is a language class for the code
        $class = self::classFromCode( $code );
        if ( class_exists( $class ) ) {
            $lang = new $class;
            return $lang;
        }

        // Keep trying the fallback list until we find an existing class
        $fallbacks = Language::getFallbacksFor( $code );
        foreach ( $fallbacks as $fallbackCode ) {
            if ( !Language::isValidBuiltInCode( $fallbackCode ) ) {
                throw new MWException( "Invalid fallback '$fallbackCode' in fallback sequence for '$code'" );
            }

            $class = self::classFromCode( $fallbackCode );
            if ( class_exists( $class ) ) {
                $lang = new $class;
                $lang->setCode( $code );
                return $lang;
            }
        }

        throw new MWException( "Invalid fallback sequence for language '$code'" );
    }

    public static function isSupportedLanguage( $code ) {
        if ( !self::isValidBuiltInCode( $code ) ) {
            return false;
        }

        if ( $code === 'qqq' ) {
            return false;
        }

        return is_readable( self::getMessagesFileName( $code ) ) ||
            is_readable( self::getJsonMessagesFileName( $code ) );
    }

    public static function isWellFormedLanguageTag( $code, $lenient = false ) {
        $alpha = '[a-z]';
        $digit = '[0-9]';
        $alphanum = '[a-z0-9]';
        $x = 'x'; # private use singleton
        $singleton = '[a-wy-z]'; # other singleton
        $s = $lenient ? '[-_]' : '-';

        $language = "$alpha{2,8}|$alpha{2,3}$s$alpha{3}";
        $script = "$alpha{4}"; # ISO 15924
        $region = "(?:$alpha{2}|$digit{3})"; # ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 or UN M.49
        $variant = "(?:$alphanum{5,8}|$digit$alphanum{3})";
        $extension = "$singleton(?:$s$alphanum{2,8})+";
        $privateUse = "$x(?:$s$alphanum{1,8})+";

        # Define certain grandfathered codes, since otherwise the regex is pretty useless.
        # Since these are limited, this is safe even later changes to the registry --
        # the only oddity is that it might change the type of the tag, and thus
        # the results from the capturing groups.
        # https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry

        $grandfathered = "en{$s}GB{$s}oed"
            . "|i{$s}(?:ami|bnn|default|enochian|hak|klingon|lux|mingo|navajo|pwn|tao|tay|tsu)"
            . "|no{$s}(?:bok|nyn)"
            . "|sgn{$s}(?:BE{$s}(?:fr|nl)|CH{$s}de)"
            . "|zh{$s}min{$s}nan";

        $variantList = "$variant(?:$s$variant)*";
        $extensionList = "$extension(?:$s$extension)*";

        $langtag = "(?:($language)"
            . "(?:$s$script)?"
            . "(?:$s$region)?"
            . "(?:$s$variantList)?"
            . "(?:$s$extensionList)?"
            . "(?:$s$privateUse)?)";

        # The final breakdown, with capturing groups for each of these components
        # The variants, extensions, grandfathered, and private-use may have interior '-'

        $root = "^(?:$langtag|$privateUse|$grandfathered)$";

        return (bool)preg_match( "/$root/", strtolower( $code ) );
    }

    public static function isValidCode( $code ) {
        static $cache = [];
        if ( !isset( $cache[$code] ) ) {
            // People think language codes are html safe, so enforce it.
            // Ideally we should only allow a-zA-Z0-9-
            // but, .+ and other chars are often used for {{int:}} hacks
            // see bugs T39564, T39587, T38938
            $cache[$code] =
                // Protect against path traversal
                strcspn( $code, ":/\\\000&<>'\"" ) === strlen( $code )
                && !preg_match( MediaWikiTitleCodec::getTitleInvalidRegex(), $code );
        }
        return $cache[$code];
    }

    public static function isValidBuiltInCode( $code ) {

        if ( !is_string( $code ) ) {
            if ( is_object( $code ) ) {
                $addmsg = " of class " . get_class( $code );
            } else {
                $addmsg = '';
            }
            $type = gettype( $code );
            throw new MWException( __METHOD__ . " must be passed a string, $type given$addmsg" );
        }

        return (bool)preg_match( '/^[a-z0-9-]{2,}$/', $code );
    }

    public static function isKnownLanguageTag( $tag ) {
        // Quick escape for invalid input to avoid exceptions down the line
        // when code tries to process tags which are not valid at all.
        if ( !self::isValidBuiltInCode( $tag ) ) {
            return false;
        }

        if ( isset( MediaWiki\Languages\Data\Names::$names[$tag] )
            || self::fetchLanguageName( $tag, $tag ) !== ''
        ) {
            return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

    public static function getLocalisationCache() {
        if ( is_null( self::$dataCache ) ) {
            global $wgLocalisationCacheConf;
            $class = $wgLocalisationCacheConf['class'];
            self::$dataCache = new $class( $wgLocalisationCacheConf );
        }
        return self::$dataCache;
    }

    function __construct() {
        $this->mConverter = new FakeConverter( $this );
        // Set the code to the name of the descendant
        if ( get_class( $this ) == 'Language' ) {
            $this->mCode = 'en';
        } else {
            $this->mCode = str_replace( '_', '-', strtolower( substr( get_class( $this ), 8 ) ) );
        }
        self::getLocalisationCache();
    }

    function __destruct() {
        foreach ( $this as $name => $value ) {
            unset( $this->$name );
        }
    }

    function initContLang() {
    }

    public function getFallbackLanguages() {
        return self::getFallbacksFor( $this->mCode );
    }

    public function getBookstoreList() {
        return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'bookstoreList' );
    }

    public function getNamespaces() {
        if ( is_null( $this->namespaceNames ) ) {
            global $wgMetaNamespace, $wgMetaNamespaceTalk, $wgExtraNamespaces;

            $this->namespaceNames = self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'namespaceNames' );
            $validNamespaces = MWNamespace::getCanonicalNamespaces();

            $this->namespaceNames = $wgExtraNamespaces + $this->namespaceNames + $validNamespaces;

            $this->namespaceNames[NS_PROJECT] = $wgMetaNamespace;
            if ( $wgMetaNamespaceTalk ) {
                $this->namespaceNames[NS_PROJECT_TALK] = $wgMetaNamespaceTalk;
            } else {
                $talk = $this->namespaceNames[NS_PROJECT_TALK];
                $this->namespaceNames[NS_PROJECT_TALK] =
                    $this->fixVariableInNamespace( $talk );
            }

            # Sometimes a language will be localised but not actually exist on this wiki.
            foreach ( $this->namespaceNames as $key => $text ) {
                if ( !isset( $validNamespaces[$key] ) ) {
                    unset( $this->namespaceNames[$key] );
                }
            }

            # The above mixing may leave namespaces out of canonical order.
            # Re-order by namespace ID number...
            ksort( $this->namespaceNames );

            Hooks::run( 'LanguageGetNamespaces', [ &$this->namespaceNames ] );
        }

        return $this->namespaceNames;
    }

    public function setNamespaces( array $namespaces ) {
        $this->namespaceNames = $namespaces;
        $this->mNamespaceIds = null;
    }

    public function resetNamespaces() {
        $this->namespaceNames = null;
        $this->mNamespaceIds = null;
        $this->namespaceAliases = null;
    }

    public function getFormattedNamespaces() {
        $ns = $this->getNamespaces();
        foreach ( $ns as $k => $v ) {
            $ns[$k] = strtr( $v, '_', ' ' );
        }
        return $ns;
    }

    public function getNsText( $index ) {
        $ns = $this->getNamespaces();
        return isset( $ns[$index] ) ? $ns[$index] : false;
    }

    public function getFormattedNsText( $index ) {
        $ns = $this->getNsText( $index );
        return strtr( $ns, '_', ' ' );
    }

    public function getGenderNsText( $index, $gender ) {
        global $wgExtraGenderNamespaces;

        $ns = $wgExtraGenderNamespaces +
            (array)self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'namespaceGenderAliases' );

        return isset( $ns[$index][$gender] ) ? $ns[$index][$gender] : $this->getNsText( $index );
    }

    public function needsGenderDistinction() {
        global $wgExtraGenderNamespaces, $wgExtraNamespaces;
        if ( count( $wgExtraGenderNamespaces ) > 0 ) {
            // $wgExtraGenderNamespaces overrides everything
            return true;
        } elseif ( isset( $wgExtraNamespaces[NS_USER] ) && isset( $wgExtraNamespaces[NS_USER_TALK] ) ) {
            // $wgExtraNamespaces overrides any gender aliases specified in i18n files
            return false;
        } else {
            // Check what is in i18n files
            $aliases = self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'namespaceGenderAliases' );
            return count( $aliases ) > 0;
        }
    }

    function getLocalNsIndex( $text ) {
        $lctext = $this->lc( $text );
        $ids = $this->getNamespaceIds();
        return isset( $ids[$lctext] ) ? $ids[$lctext] : false;
    }

    public function getNamespaceAliases() {
        if ( is_null( $this->namespaceAliases ) ) {
            $aliases = self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'namespaceAliases' );
            if ( !$aliases ) {
                $aliases = [];
            } else {
                foreach ( $aliases as $name => $index ) {
                    if ( $index === NS_PROJECT_TALK ) {
                        unset( $aliases[$name] );
                        $name = $this->fixVariableInNamespace( $name );
                        $aliases[$name] = $index;
                    }
                }
            }

            global $wgExtraGenderNamespaces;
            $genders = $wgExtraGenderNamespaces +
                (array)self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'namespaceGenderAliases' );
            foreach ( $genders as $index => $forms ) {
                foreach ( $forms as $alias ) {
                    $aliases[$alias] = $index;
                }
            }

            # Also add converted namespace names as aliases, to avoid confusion.
            $convertedNames = [];
            foreach ( $this->getVariants() as $variant ) {
                if ( $variant === $this->mCode ) {
                    continue;
                }
                foreach ( $this->getNamespaces() as $ns => $_ ) {
                    $convertedNames[$this->getConverter()->convertNamespace( $ns, $variant )] = $ns;
                }
            }

            $this->namespaceAliases = $aliases + $convertedNames;
        }

        return $this->namespaceAliases;
    }

    public function getNamespaceIds() {
        if ( is_null( $this->mNamespaceIds ) ) {
            global $wgNamespaceAliases;
            # Put namespace names and aliases into a hashtable.
            # If this is too slow, then we should arrange it so that it is done
            # before caching. The catch is that at pre-cache time, the above
            # class-specific fixup hasn't been done.
            $this->mNamespaceIds = [];
            foreach ( $this->getNamespaces() as $index => $name ) {
                $this->mNamespaceIds[$this->lc( $name )] = $index;
            }
            foreach ( $this->getNamespaceAliases() as $name => $index ) {
                $this->mNamespaceIds[$this->lc( $name )] = $index;
            }
            if ( $wgNamespaceAliases ) {
                foreach ( $wgNamespaceAliases as $name => $index ) {
                    $this->mNamespaceIds[$this->lc( $name )] = $index;
                }
            }
        }
        return $this->mNamespaceIds;
    }

    public function getNsIndex( $text ) {
        $lctext = $this->lc( $text );
        $ns = MWNamespace::getCanonicalIndex( $lctext );
        if ( $ns !== null ) {
            return $ns;
        }
        $ids = $this->getNamespaceIds();
        return isset( $ids[$lctext] ) ? $ids[$lctext] : false;
    }

    public function getVariantname( $code, $usemsg = true ) {
        $msg = "variantname-$code";
        if ( $usemsg && wfMessage( $msg )->exists() ) {
            return $this->getMessageFromDB( $msg );
        }
        $name = self::fetchLanguageName( $code );
        if ( $name ) {
            return $name; # if it's defined as a language name, show that
        } else {
            # otherwise, output the language code
            return $code;
        }
    }

    public function getDatePreferences() {
        return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'datePreferences' );
    }

    function getDateFormats() {
        return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'dateFormats' );
    }

    public function getDefaultDateFormat() {
        $df = self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'defaultDateFormat' );
        if ( $df === 'dmy or mdy' ) {
            global $wgAmericanDates;
            return $wgAmericanDates ? 'mdy' : 'dmy';
        } else {
            return $df;
        }
    }

    public function getDatePreferenceMigrationMap() {
        return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'datePreferenceMigrationMap' );
    }

    function getImageFile( $image ) {
        return self::$dataCache->getSubitem( $this->mCode, 'imageFiles', $image );
    }

    public function getImageFiles() {
        return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'imageFiles' );
    }

    public function getExtraUserToggles() {
        return (array)self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'extraUserToggles' );
    }

    function getUserToggle( $tog ) {
        return $this->getMessageFromDB( "tog-$tog" );
    }

    public static function fetchLanguageNames( $inLanguage = null, $include = 'mw' ) {
        $cacheKey = $inLanguage === null ? 'null' : $inLanguage;
        $cacheKey .= ":$include";
        if ( self::$languageNameCache === null ) {
            self::$languageNameCache = new HashBagOStuff( [ 'maxKeys' => 20 ] );
        }

        $ret = self::$languageNameCache->get( $cacheKey );
        if ( !$ret ) {
            $ret = self::fetchLanguageNamesUncached( $inLanguage, $include );
            self::$languageNameCache->set( $cacheKey, $ret );
        }
        return $ret;
    }

    private static function fetchLanguageNamesUncached( $inLanguage = null, $include = 'mw' ) {
        global $wgExtraLanguageNames;

        // If passed an invalid language code to use, fallback to en
        if ( $inLanguage !== null && !Language::isValidCode( $inLanguage ) ) {
            $inLanguage = 'en';
        }

        $names = [];

        if ( $inLanguage ) {
            # TODO: also include when $inLanguage is null, when this code is more efficient
            Hooks::run( 'LanguageGetTranslatedLanguageNames', [ &$names, $inLanguage ] );
        }

        $mwNames = $wgExtraLanguageNames + MediaWiki\Languages\Data\Names::$names;
        foreach ( $mwNames as $mwCode => $mwName ) {
            # - Prefer own MediaWiki native name when not using the hook
            # - For other names just add if not added through the hook
            if ( $mwCode === $inLanguage || !isset( $names[$mwCode] ) ) {
                $names[$mwCode] = $mwName;
            }
        }

        if ( $include === 'all' ) {
            ksort( $names );
            return $names;
        }

        $returnMw = [];
        $coreCodes = array_keys( $mwNames );
        foreach ( $coreCodes as $coreCode ) {
            $returnMw[$coreCode] = $names[$coreCode];
        }

        if ( $include === 'mwfile' ) {
            $namesMwFile = [];
            # We do this using a foreach over the codes instead of a directory
            # loop so that messages files in extensions will work correctly.
            foreach ( $returnMw as $code => $value ) {
                if ( is_readable( self::getMessagesFileName( $code ) )
                    || is_readable( self::getJsonMessagesFileName( $code ) )
                ) {
                    $namesMwFile[$code] = $names[$code];
                }
            }

            ksort( $namesMwFile );
            return $namesMwFile;
        }

        ksort( $returnMw );
        # 'mw' option; default if it's not one of the other two options (all/mwfile)
        return $returnMw;
    }

    public static function fetchLanguageName( $code, $inLanguage = null, $include = 'all' ) {
        $code = strtolower( $code );
        $array = self::fetchLanguageNames( $inLanguage, $include );
        return !array_key_exists( $code, $array ) ? '' : $array[$code];
    }

    public function getMessageFromDB( $msg ) {
        return $this->msg( $msg )->text();
    }

    protected function msg( $msg ) {
        return wfMessage( $msg )->inLanguage( $this );
    }

    public function getMonthName( $key ) {
        return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::$mMonthMsgs[$key - 1] );
    }

    public function getMonthNamesArray() {
        $monthNames = [ '' ];
        for ( $i = 1; $i < 13; $i++ ) {
            $monthNames[] = $this->getMonthName( $i );
        }
        return $monthNames;
    }

    public function getMonthNameGen( $key ) {
        return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::$mMonthGenMsgs[$key - 1] );
    }

    public function getMonthAbbreviation( $key ) {
        return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::$mMonthAbbrevMsgs[$key - 1] );
    }

    public function getMonthAbbreviationsArray() {
        $monthNames = [ '' ];
        for ( $i = 1; $i < 13; $i++ ) {
            $monthNames[] = $this->getMonthAbbreviation( $i );
        }
        return $monthNames;
    }

    public function getWeekdayName( $key ) {
        return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::$mWeekdayMsgs[$key - 1] );
    }

    function getWeekdayAbbreviation( $key ) {
        return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::$mWeekdayAbbrevMsgs[$key - 1] );
    }

    function getIranianCalendarMonthName( $key ) {
        return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::$mIranianCalendarMonthMsgs[$key - 1] );
    }

    function getHebrewCalendarMonthName( $key ) {
        return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::$mHebrewCalendarMonthMsgs[$key - 1] );
    }

    function getHebrewCalendarMonthNameGen( $key ) {
        return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::$mHebrewCalendarMonthGenMsgs[$key - 1] );
    }

    function getHijriCalendarMonthName( $key ) {
        return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::$mHijriCalendarMonthMsgs[$key - 1] );
    }

    private static function dateTimeObjFormat( &$dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code ) {
        if ( !$dateTimeObj ) {
            $dateTimeObj = DateTime::createFromFormat(
                'YmdHis', $ts, $zone ?: new DateTimeZone( 'UTC' )
            );
        }
        return $dateTimeObj->format( $code );
    }

    public function sprintfDate( $format, $ts, DateTimeZone $zone = null, &$ttl = 'unused' ) {
        $s = '';
        $raw = false;
        $roman = false;
        $hebrewNum = false;
        $dateTimeObj = false;
        $rawToggle = false;
        $iranian = false;
        $hebrew = false;
        $hijri = false;
        $thai = false;
        $minguo = false;
        $tenno = false;

        $usedSecond = false;
        $usedMinute = false;
        $usedHour = false;
        $usedAMPM = false;
        $usedDay = false;
        $usedWeek = false;
        $usedMonth = false;
        $usedYear = false;
        $usedISOYear = false;
        $usedIsLeapYear = false;

        $usedHebrewMonth = false;
        $usedIranianMonth = false;
        $usedHijriMonth = false;
        $usedHebrewYear = false;
        $usedIranianYear = false;
        $usedHijriYear = false;
        $usedTennoYear = false;

        if ( strlen( $ts ) !== 14 ) {
            throw new MWException( __METHOD__ . ": The timestamp $ts should have 14 characters" );
        }

        if ( !ctype_digit( $ts ) ) {
            throw new MWException( __METHOD__ . ": The timestamp $ts should be a number" );
        }

        $formatLength = strlen( $format );
        for ( $p = 0; $p < $formatLength; $p++ ) {
            $num = false;
            $code = $format[$p];
            if ( $code == 'x' && $p < $formatLength - 1 ) {
                $code .= $format[++$p];
            }

            if ( ( $code === 'xi'
                    || $code === 'xj'
                    || $code === 'xk'
                    || $code === 'xm'
                    || $code === 'xo'
                    || $code === 'xt' )
                && $p < $formatLength - 1 ) {
                $code .= $format[++$p];
            }

            switch ( $code ) {
                case 'xx':
                    $s .= 'x';
                    break;
                case 'xn':
                    $raw = true;
                    break;
                case 'xN':
                    $rawToggle = !$rawToggle;
                    break;
                case 'xr':
                    $roman = true;
                    break;
                case 'xh':
                    $hebrewNum = true;
                    break;
                case 'xg':
                    $usedMonth = true;
                    $s .= $this->getMonthNameGen( substr( $ts, 4, 2 ) );
                    break;
                case 'xjx':
                    $usedHebrewMonth = true;
                    if ( !$hebrew ) {
                        $hebrew = self::tsToHebrew( $ts );
                    }
                    $s .= $this->getHebrewCalendarMonthNameGen( $hebrew[1] );
                    break;
                case 'd':
                    $usedDay = true;
                    $num = substr( $ts, 6, 2 );
                    break;
                case 'D':
                    $usedDay = true;
                    $s .= $this->getWeekdayAbbreviation(
                        Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'w' ) + 1
                    );
                    break;
                case 'j':
                    $usedDay = true;
                    $num = intval( substr( $ts, 6, 2 ) );
                    break;
                case 'xij':
                    $usedDay = true;
                    if ( !$iranian ) {
                        $iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
                    }
                    $num = $iranian[2];
                    break;
                case 'xmj':
                    $usedDay = true;
                    if ( !$hijri ) {
                        $hijri = self::tsToHijri( $ts );
                    }
                    $num = $hijri[2];
                    break;
                case 'xjj':
                    $usedDay = true;
                    if ( !$hebrew ) {
                        $hebrew = self::tsToHebrew( $ts );
                    }
                    $num = $hebrew[2];
                    break;
                case 'l':
                    $usedDay = true;
                    $s .= $this->getWeekdayName(
                        Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'w' ) + 1
                    );
                    break;
                case 'F':
                    $usedMonth = true;
                    $s .= $this->getMonthName( substr( $ts, 4, 2 ) );
                    break;
                case 'xiF':
                    $usedIranianMonth = true;
                    if ( !$iranian ) {
                        $iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
                    }
                    $s .= $this->getIranianCalendarMonthName( $iranian[1] );
                    break;
                case 'xmF':
                    $usedHijriMonth = true;
                    if ( !$hijri ) {
                        $hijri = self::tsToHijri( $ts );
                    }
                    $s .= $this->getHijriCalendarMonthName( $hijri[1] );
                    break;
                case 'xjF':
                    $usedHebrewMonth = true;
                    if ( !$hebrew ) {
                        $hebrew = self::tsToHebrew( $ts );
                    }
                    $s .= $this->getHebrewCalendarMonthName( $hebrew[1] );
                    break;
                case 'm':
                    $usedMonth = true;
                    $num = substr( $ts, 4, 2 );
                    break;
                case 'M':
                    $usedMonth = true;
                    $s .= $this->getMonthAbbreviation( substr( $ts, 4, 2 ) );
                    break;
                case 'n':
                    $usedMonth = true;
                    $num = intval( substr( $ts, 4, 2 ) );
                    break;
                case 'xin':
                    $usedIranianMonth = true;
                    if ( !$iranian ) {
                        $iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
                    }
                    $num = $iranian[1];
                    break;
                case 'xmn':
                    $usedHijriMonth = true;
                    if ( !$hijri ) {
                        $hijri = self::tsToHijri( $ts );
                    }
                    $num = $hijri[1];
                    break;
                case 'xjn':
                    $usedHebrewMonth = true;
                    if ( !$hebrew ) {
                        $hebrew = self::tsToHebrew( $ts );
                    }
                    $num = $hebrew[1];
                    break;
                case 'xjt':
                    $usedHebrewMonth = true;
                    if ( !$hebrew ) {
                        $hebrew = self::tsToHebrew( $ts );
                    }
                    $num = $hebrew[3];
                    break;
                case 'Y':
                    $usedYear = true;
                    $num = substr( $ts, 0, 4 );
                    break;
                case 'xiY':
                    $usedIranianYear = true;
                    if ( !$iranian ) {
                        $iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
                    }
                    $num = $iranian[0];
                    break;
                case 'xmY':
                    $usedHijriYear = true;
                    if ( !$hijri ) {
                        $hijri = self::tsToHijri( $ts );
                    }
                    $num = $hijri[0];
                    break;
                case 'xjY':
                    $usedHebrewYear = true;
                    if ( !$hebrew ) {
                        $hebrew = self::tsToHebrew( $ts );
                    }
                    $num = $hebrew[0];
                    break;
                case 'xkY':
                    $usedYear = true;
                    if ( !$thai ) {
                        $thai = self::tsToYear( $ts, 'thai' );
                    }
                    $num = $thai[0];
                    break;
                case 'xoY':
                    $usedYear = true;
                    if ( !$minguo ) {
                        $minguo = self::tsToYear( $ts, 'minguo' );
                    }
                    $num = $minguo[0];
                    break;
                case 'xtY':
                    $usedTennoYear = true;
                    if ( !$tenno ) {
                        $tenno = self::tsToYear( $ts, 'tenno' );
                    }
                    $num = $tenno[0];
                    break;
                case 'y':
                    $usedYear = true;
                    $num = substr( $ts, 2, 2 );
                    break;
                case 'xiy':
                    $usedIranianYear = true;
                    if ( !$iranian ) {
                        $iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
                    }
                    $num = substr( $iranian[0], -2 );
                    break;
                case 'xit':
                    $usedIranianYear = true;
                    if ( !$iranian ) {
                        $iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
                    }
                    $num = self::$IRANIAN_DAYS[$iranian[1] - 1];
                    break;
                case 'xiz':
                    $usedIranianYear = true;
                    if ( !$iranian ) {
                        $iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
                    }
                    $num = $iranian[3];
                    break;
                case 'a':
                    $usedAMPM = true;
                    $s .= intval( substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) ) < 12 ? 'am' : 'pm';
                    break;
                case 'A':
                    $usedAMPM = true;
                    $s .= intval( substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) ) < 12 ? 'AM' : 'PM';
                    break;
                case 'g':
                    $usedHour = true;
                    $h = substr( $ts, 8, 2 );
                    $num = $h % 12 ? $h % 12 : 12;
                    break;
                case 'G':
                    $usedHour = true;
                    $num = intval( substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) );
                    break;
                case 'h':
                    $usedHour = true;
                    $h = substr( $ts, 8, 2 );
                    $num = sprintf( '%02d', $h % 12 ? $h % 12 : 12 );
                    break;
                case 'H':
                    $usedHour = true;
                    $num = substr( $ts, 8, 2 );
                    break;
                case 'i':
                    $usedMinute = true;
                    $num = substr( $ts, 10, 2 );
                    break;
                case 's':
                    $usedSecond = true;
                    $num = substr( $ts, 12, 2 );
                    break;
                case 'c':
                case 'r':
                    $usedSecond = true;
                    // fall through
                case 'e':
                case 'O':
                case 'P':
                case 'T':
                    $s .= Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
                    break;
                case 'w':
                case 'N':
                case 'z':
                    $usedDay = true;
                    $num = Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
                    break;
                case 'W':
                    $usedWeek = true;
                    $num = Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
                    break;
                case 't':
                    $usedMonth = true;
                    $num = Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
                    break;
                case 'L':
                    $usedIsLeapYear = true;
                    $num = Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
                    break;
                case 'o':
                    $usedISOYear = true;
                    $num = Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
                    break;
                case 'U':
                    $usedSecond = true;
                    // fall through
                case 'I':
                case 'Z':
                    $num = Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
                    break;
                case '\\':
                    # Backslash escaping
                    if ( $p < $formatLength - 1 ) {
                        $s .= $format[++$p];
                    } else {
                        $s .= '\\';
                    }
                    break;
                case '"':
                    # Quoted literal
                    if ( $p < $formatLength - 1 ) {
                        $endQuote = strpos( $format, '"', $p + 1 );
                        if ( $endQuote === false ) {
                            # No terminating quote, assume literal "
                            $s .= '"';
                        } else {
                            $s .= substr( $format, $p + 1, $endQuote - $p - 1 );
                            $p = $endQuote;
                        }
                    } else {
                        # Quote at end of string, assume literal "
                        $s .= '"';
                    }
                    break;
                default:
                    $s .= $format[$p];
            }
            if ( $num !== false ) {
                if ( $rawToggle || $raw ) {
                    $s .= $num;
                    $raw = false;
                } elseif ( $roman ) {
                    $s .= Language::romanNumeral( $num );
                    $roman = false;
                } elseif ( $hebrewNum ) {
                    $s .= self::hebrewNumeral( $num );
                    $hebrewNum = false;
                } else {
                    $s .= $this->formatNum( $num, true );
                }
            }
        }

        if ( $ttl === 'unused' ) {
            // No need to calculate the TTL, the caller wont use it anyway.
        } elseif ( $usedSecond ) {
            $ttl = 1;
        } elseif ( $usedMinute ) {
            $ttl = 60 - substr( $ts, 12, 2 );
        } elseif ( $usedHour ) {
            $ttl = 3600 - substr( $ts, 10, 2 ) * 60 - substr( $ts, 12, 2 );
        } elseif ( $usedAMPM ) {
            $ttl = 43200 - ( substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) % 12 ) * 3600 -
                substr( $ts, 10, 2 ) * 60 - substr( $ts, 12, 2 );
        } elseif (
            $usedDay ||
            $usedHebrewMonth ||
            $usedIranianMonth ||
            $usedHijriMonth ||
            $usedHebrewYear ||
            $usedIranianYear ||
            $usedHijriYear ||
            $usedTennoYear
        ) {
            // @todo Someone who understands the non-Gregorian calendars
            // should write proper logic for them so that they don't need purged every day.
            $ttl = 86400 - substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) * 3600 -
                substr( $ts, 10, 2 ) * 60 - substr( $ts, 12, 2 );
        } else {
            $possibleTtls = [];
            $timeRemainingInDay = 86400 - substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) * 3600 -
                substr( $ts, 10, 2 ) * 60 - substr( $ts, 12, 2 );
            if ( $usedWeek ) {
                $possibleTtls[] =
                    ( 7 - Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'N' ) ) * 86400 +
                    $timeRemainingInDay;
            } elseif ( $usedISOYear ) {
                // December 28th falls on the last ISO week of the year, every year.
                // The last ISO week of a year can be 52 or 53.
                $lastWeekOfISOYear = DateTime::createFromFormat(
                    'Ymd',
                    substr( $ts, 0, 4 ) . '1228',
                    $zone ?: new DateTimeZone( 'UTC' )
                )->format( 'W' );
                $currentISOWeek = Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'W' );
                $weeksRemaining = $lastWeekOfISOYear - $currentISOWeek;
                $timeRemainingInWeek =
                    ( 7 - Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'N' ) ) * 86400
                    + $timeRemainingInDay;
                $possibleTtls[] = $weeksRemaining * 604800 + $timeRemainingInWeek;
            }

            if ( $usedMonth ) {
                $possibleTtls[] =
                    ( Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 't' ) -
                        substr( $ts, 6, 2 ) ) * 86400
                    + $timeRemainingInDay;
            } elseif ( $usedYear ) {
                $possibleTtls[] =
                    ( Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'L' ) + 364 -
                        Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'z' ) ) * 86400
                    + $timeRemainingInDay;
            } elseif ( $usedIsLeapYear ) {
                $year = substr( $ts, 0, 4 );
                $timeRemainingInYear =
                    ( Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'L' ) + 364 -
                        Language::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'z' ) ) * 86400
                    + $timeRemainingInDay;
                $mod = $year % 4;
                if ( $mod || ( !( $year % 100 ) && $year % 400 ) ) {
                    // this isn't a leap year. see when the next one starts
                    $nextCandidate = $year - $mod + 4;
                    if ( $nextCandidate % 100 || !( $nextCandidate % 400 ) ) {
                        $possibleTtls[] = ( $nextCandidate - $year - 1 ) * 365 * 86400 +
                            $timeRemainingInYear;
                    } else {
                        $possibleTtls[] = ( $nextCandidate - $year + 3 ) * 365 * 86400 +
                            $timeRemainingInYear;
                    }
                } else {
                    // this is a leap year, so the next year isn't
                    $possibleTtls[] = $timeRemainingInYear;
                }
            }

            if ( $possibleTtls ) {
                $ttl = min( $possibleTtls );
            }
        }

        return $s;
    }

    private static $GREG_DAYS = [ 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 ];
    private static $IRANIAN_DAYS = [ 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 29 ];

    private static function tsToIranian( $ts ) {
        $gy = substr( $ts, 0, 4 ) -1600;
        $gm = substr( $ts, 4, 2 ) -1;
        $gd = substr( $ts, 6, 2 ) -1;

        # Days passed from the beginning (including leap years)
        $gDayNo = 365 * $gy
            + floor( ( $gy + 3 ) / 4 )
            - floor( ( $gy + 99 ) / 100 )
            + floor( ( $gy + 399 ) / 400 );

        // Add days of the past months of this year
        for ( $i = 0; $i < $gm; $i++ ) {
            $gDayNo += self::$GREG_DAYS[$i];
        }

        // Leap years
        if ( $gm > 1 && ( ( $gy % 4 === 0 && $gy % 100 !== 0 || ( $gy % 400 == 0 ) ) ) ) {
            $gDayNo++;
        }

        // Days passed in current month
        $gDayNo += (int)$gd;

        $jDayNo = $gDayNo - 79;

        $jNp = floor( $jDayNo / 12053 );
        $jDayNo %= 12053;

        $jy = 979 + 33 * $jNp + 4 * floor( $jDayNo / 1461 );
        $jDayNo %= 1461;

        if ( $jDayNo >= 366 ) {
            $jy += floor( ( $jDayNo - 1 ) / 365 );
            $jDayNo = floor( ( $jDayNo - 1 ) % 365 );
        }

        $jz = $jDayNo;

        for ( $i = 0; $i < 11 && $jDayNo >= self::$IRANIAN_DAYS[$i]; $i++ ) {
            $jDayNo -= self::$IRANIAN_DAYS[$i];
        }

        $jm = $i + 1;
        $jd = $jDayNo + 1;

        return [ $jy, $jm, $jd, $jz ];
    }

    private static function tsToHijri( $ts ) {
        $year = substr( $ts, 0, 4 );
        $month = substr( $ts, 4, 2 );
        $day = substr( $ts, 6, 2 );

        $zyr = $year;
        $zd = $day;
        $zm = $month;
        $zy = $zyr;

        if (
            ( $zy > 1582 ) || ( ( $zy == 1582 ) && ( $zm > 10 ) ) ||
            ( ( $zy == 1582 ) && ( $zm == 10 ) && ( $zd > 14 ) )
        ) {
            $zjd = (int)( ( 1461 * ( $zy + 4800 + (int)( ( $zm - 14 ) / 12 ) ) ) / 4 ) +
                    (int)( ( 367 * ( $zm - 2 - 12 * ( (int)( ( $zm - 14 ) / 12 ) ) ) ) / 12 ) -
                    (int)( ( 3 * (int)( ( ( $zy + 4900 + (int)( ( $zm - 14 ) / 12 ) ) / 100 ) ) ) / 4 ) +
                    $zd - 32075;
        } else {
            $zjd = 367 * $zy - (int)( ( 7 * ( $zy + 5001 + (int)( ( $zm - 9 ) / 7 ) ) ) / 4 ) +
                                (int)( ( 275 * $zm ) / 9 ) + $zd + 1729777;
        }

        $zl = $zjd -1948440 + 10632;
        $zn = (int)( ( $zl - 1 ) / 10631 );
        $zl = $zl - 10631 * $zn + 354;
        $zj = ( (int)( ( 10985 - $zl ) / 5316 ) ) * ( (int)( ( 50 * $zl ) / 17719 ) ) +
            ( (int)( $zl / 5670 ) ) * ( (int)( ( 43 * $zl ) / 15238 ) );
        $zl = $zl - ( (int)( ( 30 - $zj ) / 15 ) ) * ( (int)( ( 17719 * $zj ) / 50 ) ) -
            ( (int)( $zj / 16 ) ) * ( (int)( ( 15238 * $zj ) / 43 ) ) + 29;
        $zm = (int)( ( 24 * $zl ) / 709 );
        $zd = $zl - (int)( ( 709 * $zm ) / 24 );
        $zy = 30 * $zn + $zj - 30;

        return [ $zy, $zm, $zd ];
    }

    private static function tsToHebrew( $ts ) {
        # Parse date
        $year = substr( $ts, 0, 4 );
        $month = substr( $ts, 4, 2 );
        $day = substr( $ts, 6, 2 );

        # Calculate Hebrew year
        $hebrewYear = $year + 3760;

        # Month number when September = 1, August = 12
        $month += 4;
        if ( $month > 12 ) {
            # Next year
            $month -= 12;
            $year++;
            $hebrewYear++;
        }

        # Calculate day of year from 1 September
        $dayOfYear = $day;
        for ( $i = 1; $i < $month; $i++ ) {
            if ( $i == 6 ) {
                # February
                $dayOfYear += 28;
                # Check if the year is leap
                if ( $year % 400 == 0 || ( $year % 4 == 0 && $year % 100 > 0 ) ) {
                    $dayOfYear++;
                }
            } elseif ( $i == 8 || $i == 10 || $i == 1 || $i == 3 ) {
                $dayOfYear += 30;
            } else {
                $dayOfYear += 31;
            }
        }

        # Calculate the start of the Hebrew year
        $start = self::hebrewYearStart( $hebrewYear );

        # Calculate next year's start
        if ( $dayOfYear <= $start ) {
            # Day is before the start of the year - it is the previous year
            # Next year's start
            $nextStart = $start;
            # Previous year
            $year--;
            $hebrewYear--;
            # Add days since previous year's 1 September
            $dayOfYear += 365;
            if ( ( $year % 400 == 0 ) || ( $year % 100 != 0 && $year % 4 == 0 ) ) {
                # Leap year
                $dayOfYear++;
            }
            # Start of the new (previous) year
            $start = self::hebrewYearStart( $hebrewYear );
        } else {
            # Next year's start
            $nextStart = self::hebrewYearStart( $hebrewYear + 1 );
        }

        # Calculate Hebrew day of year
        $hebrewDayOfYear = $dayOfYear - $start;

        # Difference between year's days
        $diff = $nextStart - $start;
        # Add 12 (or 13 for leap years) days to ignore the difference between
        # Hebrew and Gregorian year (353 at least vs. 365/6) - now the
        # difference is only about the year type
        if ( ( $year % 400 == 0 ) || ( $year % 100 != 0 && $year % 4 == 0 ) ) {
            $diff += 13;
        } else {
            $diff += 12;
        }

        # Check the year pattern, and is leap year
        # 0 means an incomplete year, 1 means a regular year, 2 means a complete year
        # This is mod 30, to work on both leap years (which add 30 days of Adar I)
        # and non-leap years
        $yearPattern = $diff % 30;
        # Check if leap year
        $isLeap = $diff >= 30;

        # Calculate day in the month from number of day in the Hebrew year
        # Don't check Adar - if the day is not in Adar, we will stop before;
        # if it is in Adar, we will use it to check if it is Adar I or Adar II
        $hebrewDay = $hebrewDayOfYear;
        $hebrewMonth = 1;
        $days = 0;
        while ( $hebrewMonth <= 12 ) {
            # Calculate days in this month
            if ( $isLeap && $hebrewMonth == 6 ) {
                # Adar in a leap year
                if ( $isLeap ) {
                    # Leap year - has Adar I, with 30 days, and Adar II, with 29 days
                    $days = 30;
                    if ( $hebrewDay <= $days ) {
                        # Day in Adar I
                        $hebrewMonth = 13;
                    } else {
                        # Subtract the days of Adar I
                        $hebrewDay -= $days;
                        # Try Adar II
                        $days = 29;
                        if ( $hebrewDay <= $days ) {
                            # Day in Adar II
                            $hebrewMonth = 14;
                        }
                    }
                }
            } elseif ( $hebrewMonth == 2 && $yearPattern == 2 ) {
                # Cheshvan in a complete year (otherwise as the rule below)
                $days = 30;
            } elseif ( $hebrewMonth == 3 && $yearPattern == 0 ) {
                # Kislev in an incomplete year (otherwise as the rule below)
                $days = 29;
            } else {
                # Odd months have 30 days, even have 29
                $days = 30 - ( $hebrewMonth - 1 ) % 2;
            }
            if ( $hebrewDay <= $days ) {
                # In the current month
                break;
            } else {
                # Subtract the days of the current month
                $hebrewDay -= $days;
                # Try in the next month
                $hebrewMonth++;
            }
        }

        return [ $hebrewYear, $hebrewMonth, $hebrewDay, $days ];
    }

    private static function hebrewYearStart( $year ) {
        $a = intval( ( 12 * ( $year - 1 ) + 17 ) % 19 );
        $b = intval( ( $year - 1 ) % 4 );
        $m = 32.044093161144 + 1.5542417966212 * $a + $b / 4.0 - 0.0031777940220923 * ( $year - 1 );
        if ( $m < 0 ) {
            $m--;
        }
        $Mar = intval( $m );
        if ( $m < 0 ) {
            $m++;
        }
        $m -= $Mar;

        $c = intval( ( $Mar + 3 * ( $year - 1 ) + 5 * $b + 5 ) % 7 );
        if ( $c == 0 && $a > 11 && $m >= 0.89772376543210 ) {
            $Mar++;
        } elseif ( $c == 1 && $a > 6 && $m >= 0.63287037037037 ) {
            $Mar += 2;
        } elseif ( $c == 2 || $c == 4 || $c == 6 ) {
            $Mar++;
        }

        $Mar += intval( ( $year - 3761 ) / 100 ) - intval( ( $year - 3761 ) / 400 ) - 24;
        return $Mar;
    }

    private static function tsToYear( $ts, $cName ) {
        $gy = substr( $ts, 0, 4 );
        $gm = substr( $ts, 4, 2 );
        $gd = substr( $ts, 6, 2 );

        if ( !strcmp( $cName, 'thai' ) ) {
            # Thai solar dates
            # Add 543 years to the Gregorian calendar
            # Months and days are identical
            $gy_offset = $gy + 543;
        } elseif ( ( !strcmp( $cName, 'minguo' ) ) || !strcmp( $cName, 'juche' ) ) {
            # Minguo dates
            # Deduct 1911 years from the Gregorian calendar
            # Months and days are identical
            $gy_offset = $gy - 1911;
        } elseif ( !strcmp( $cName, 'tenno' ) ) {
            # Nengō dates up to Meiji period
            # Deduct years from the Gregorian calendar
            # depending on the nengo periods
            # Months and days are identical
            if ( ( $gy < 1912 )
                || ( ( $gy == 1912 ) && ( $gm < 7 ) )
                || ( ( $gy == 1912 ) && ( $gm == 7 ) && ( $gd < 31 ) )
            ) {
                # Meiji period
                $gy_gannen = $gy - 1868 + 1;
                $gy_offset = $gy_gannen;
                if ( $gy_gannen == 1 ) {
                    $gy_offset = '元';
                }
                $gy_offset = '明治' . $gy_offset;
            } elseif (
                ( ( $gy == 1912 ) && ( $gm == 7 ) && ( $gd == 31 ) ) ||
                ( ( $gy == 1912 ) && ( $gm >= 8 ) ) ||
                ( ( $gy > 1912 ) && ( $gy < 1926 ) ) ||
                ( ( $gy == 1926 ) && ( $gm < 12 ) ) ||
                ( ( $gy == 1926 ) && ( $gm == 12 ) && ( $gd < 26 ) )
            ) {
                # Taishō period
                $gy_gannen = $gy - 1912 + 1;
                $gy_offset = $gy_gannen;
                if ( $gy_gannen == 1 ) {
                    $gy_offset = '元';
                }
                $gy_offset = '大正' . $gy_offset;
            } elseif (
                ( ( $gy == 1926 ) && ( $gm == 12 ) && ( $gd >= 26 ) ) ||
                ( ( $gy > 1926 ) && ( $gy < 1989 ) ) ||
                ( ( $gy == 1989 ) && ( $gm == 1 ) && ( $gd < 8 ) )
            ) {
                # Shōwa period
                $gy_gannen = $gy - 1926 + 1;
                $gy_offset = $gy_gannen;
                if ( $gy_gannen == 1 ) {
                    $gy_offset = '元';
                }
                $gy_offset = '昭和' . $gy_offset;
            } else {
                # Heisei period
                $gy_gannen = $gy - 1989 + 1;
                $gy_offset = $gy_gannen;
                if ( $gy_gannen == 1 ) {
                    $gy_offset = '元';
                }
                $gy_offset = '平成' . $gy_offset;
            }
        } else {
            $gy_offset = $gy;
        }

        return [ $gy_offset, $gm, $gd ];
    }

    private static function strongDirFromContent( $text = '' ) {
        if ( !preg_match( self::$strongDirRegex, $text, $matches ) ) {
            return null;
        }
        if ( $matches[1] === '' ) {
            return 'rtl';
        }
        return 'ltr';
    }

    static function romanNumeral( $num ) {
        static $table = [
            [ '', 'I', 'II', 'III', 'IV', 'V', 'VI', 'VII', 'VIII', 'IX', 'X' ],
            [ '', 'X', 'XX', 'XXX', 'XL', 'L', 'LX', 'LXX', 'LXXX', 'XC', 'C' ],
            [ '', 'C', 'CC', 'CCC', 'CD', 'D', 'DC', 'DCC', 'DCCC', 'CM', 'M' ],
            [ '', 'M', 'MM', 'MMM', 'MMMM', 'MMMMM', 'MMMMMM', 'MMMMMMM',
                'MMMMMMMM', 'MMMMMMMMM', 'MMMMMMMMMM' ]
        ];

        $num = intval( $num );
        if ( $num > 10000 || $num <= 0 ) {
            return $num;
        }

        $s = '';
        for ( $pow10 = 1000, $i = 3; $i >= 0; $pow10 /= 10, $i-- ) {
            if ( $num >= $pow10 ) {
                $s .= $table[$i][(int)floor( $num / $pow10 )];
            }
            $num = $num % $pow10;
        }
        return $s;
    }

    static function hebrewNumeral( $num ) {
        static $table = [
            [ '', 'א', 'ב', 'ג', 'ד', 'ה', 'ו', 'ז', 'ח', 'ט', 'י' ],
            [ '', 'י', 'כ', 'ל', 'מ', 'נ', 'ס', 'ע', 'פ', 'צ', 'ק' ],
            [ '',
                [ 'ק' ],
                [ 'ר' ],
                [ 'ש' ],
                [ 'ת' ],
                [ 'ת', 'ק' ],
                [ 'ת', 'ר' ],
                [ 'ת', 'ש' ],
                [ 'ת', 'ת' ],
                [ 'ת', 'ת', 'ק' ],
                [ 'ת', 'ת', 'ר' ],
            ],
            [ '', 'א', 'ב', 'ג', 'ד', 'ה', 'ו', 'ז', 'ח', 'ט', 'י' ]
        ];

        $num = intval( $num );
        if ( $num > 9999 || $num <= 0 ) {
            return $num;
        }

        // Round thousands have special notations
        if ( $num === 1000 ) {
            return "א' אלף";
        } elseif ( $num % 1000 === 0 ) {
            return $table[0][$num / 1000] . "' אלפים";
        }

        $letters = [];

        for ( $pow10 = 1000, $i = 3; $i >= 0; $pow10 /= 10, $i-- ) {
            if ( $num >= $pow10 ) {
                if ( $num === 15 || $num === 16 ) {
                    $letters[] = $table[0][9];
                    $letters[] = $table[0][$num - 9];
                    $num = 0;
                } else {
                    $letters = array_merge(
                        $letters,
                        (array)$table[$i][intval( $num / $pow10 )]
                    );

                    if ( $pow10 === 1000 ) {
                        $letters[] = "'";
                    }
                }
            }

            $num = $num % $pow10;
        }

        $preTransformLength = count( $letters );
        if ( $preTransformLength === 1 ) {
            // Add geresh (single quote) to one-letter numbers
            $letters[] = "'";
        } else {
            $lastIndex = $preTransformLength - 1;
            $letters[$lastIndex] = str_replace(
                [ 'כ', 'מ', 'נ', 'פ', 'צ' ],
                [ 'ך', 'ם', 'ן', 'ף', 'ץ' ],
                $letters[$lastIndex]
            );

            // Add gershayim (double quote) to multiple-letter numbers,
            // but exclude numbers with only one letter after the thousands
            // (1001-1009, 1020, 1030, 2001-2009, etc.)
            if ( $letters[1] === "'" && $preTransformLength === 3 ) {
                $letters[] = "'";
            } else {
                array_splice( $letters, -1, 0, '"' );
            }
        }

        return implode( $letters );
    }

    public function userAdjust( $ts, $tz = false ) {
        global $wgUser, $wgLocalTZoffset;

        if ( $tz === false ) {
            $tz = $wgUser->getOption( 'timecorrection' );
        }

        $data = explode( '|', $tz, 3 );

        if ( $data[0] == 'ZoneInfo' ) {
            MediaWiki\suppressWarnings();
            $userTZ = timezone_open( $data[2] );
            MediaWiki\restoreWarnings();
            if ( $userTZ !== false ) {
                $date = date_create( $ts, timezone_open( 'UTC' ) );
                date_timezone_set( $date, $userTZ );
                $date = date_format( $date, 'YmdHis' );
                return $date;
            }
            # Unrecognized timezone, default to 'Offset' with the stored offset.
            $data[0] = 'Offset';
        }

        if ( $data[0] == 'System' || $tz == '' ) {
            # Global offset in minutes.
            $minDiff = $wgLocalTZoffset;
        } elseif ( $data[0] == 'Offset' ) {
            $minDiff = intval( $data[1] );
        } else {
            $data = explode( ':', $tz );
            if ( count( $data ) == 2 ) {
                $data[0] = intval( $data[0] );
                $data[1] = intval( $data[1] );
                $minDiff = abs( $data[0] ) * 60 + $data[1];
                if ( $data[0] < 0 ) {
                    $minDiff = -$minDiff;
                }
            } else {
                $minDiff = intval( $data[0] ) * 60;
            }
        }

        # No difference ? Return time unchanged
        if ( 0 == $minDiff ) {
            return $ts;
        }

        MediaWiki\suppressWarnings(); // E_STRICT system time bitching
        # Generate an adjusted date; take advantage of the fact that mktime
        # will normalize out-of-range values so we don't have to split $minDiff
        # into hours and minutes.
        $t = mktime( (
            (int)substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) ), # Hours
            (int)substr( $ts, 10, 2 ) + $minDiff, # Minutes
            (int)substr( $ts, 12, 2 ), # Seconds
            (int)substr( $ts, 4, 2 ), # Month
            (int)substr( $ts, 6, 2 ), # Day
            (int)substr( $ts, 0, 4 ) ); # Year

        $date = date( 'YmdHis', $t );
        MediaWiki\restoreWarnings();

        return $date;
    }

    function dateFormat( $usePrefs = true ) {
        global $wgUser;

        if ( is_bool( $usePrefs ) ) {
            if ( $usePrefs ) {
                $datePreference = $wgUser->getDatePreference();
            } else {
                $datePreference = (string)User::getDefaultOption( 'date' );
            }
        } else {
            $datePreference = (string)$usePrefs;
        }

        // return int
        if ( $datePreference == '' ) {
            return 'default';
        }

        return $datePreference;
    }

    function getDateFormatString( $type, $pref ) {
        $wasDefault = false;
        if ( $pref == 'default' ) {
            $wasDefault = true;
            $pref = $this->getDefaultDateFormat();
        }

        if ( !isset( $this->dateFormatStrings[$type][$pref] ) ) {
            $df = self::$dataCache->getSubitem( $this->mCode, 'dateFormats', "$pref $type" );

            if ( $type === 'pretty' && $df === null ) {
                $df = $this->getDateFormatString( 'date', $pref );
            }

            if ( !$wasDefault && $df === null ) {
                $pref = $this->getDefaultDateFormat();
                $df = self::$dataCache->getSubitem( $this->mCode, 'dateFormats', "$pref $type" );
            }

            $this->dateFormatStrings[$type][$pref] = $df;
        }
        return $this->dateFormatStrings[$type][$pref];
    }

    public function date( $ts, $adj = false, $format = true, $timecorrection = false ) {
        $ts = wfTimestamp( TS_MW, $ts );
        if ( $adj ) {
            $ts = $this->userAdjust( $ts, $timecorrection );
        }
        $df = $this->getDateFormatString( 'date', $this->dateFormat( $format ) );
        return $this->sprintfDate( $df, $ts );
    }

    public function time( $ts, $adj = false, $format = true, $timecorrection = false ) {
        $ts = wfTimestamp( TS_MW, $ts );
        if ( $adj ) {
            $ts = $this->userAdjust( $ts, $timecorrection );
        }
        $df = $this->getDateFormatString( 'time', $this->dateFormat( $format ) );
        return $this->sprintfDate( $df, $ts );
    }

    public function timeanddate( $ts, $adj = false, $format = true, $timecorrection = false ) {
        $ts = wfTimestamp( TS_MW, $ts );
        if ( $adj ) {
            $ts = $this->userAdjust( $ts, $timecorrection );
        }
        $df = $this->getDateFormatString( 'both', $this->dateFormat( $format ) );
        return $this->sprintfDate( $df, $ts );
    }

    public function formatDuration( $seconds, array $chosenIntervals = [] ) {
        $intervals = $this->getDurationIntervals( $seconds, $chosenIntervals );

        $segments = [];

        foreach ( $intervals as $intervalName => $intervalValue ) {
            // Messages: duration-seconds, duration-minutes, duration-hours, duration-days, duration-weeks,
            // duration-years, duration-decades, duration-centuries, duration-millennia
            $message = wfMessage( 'duration-' . $intervalName )->numParams( $intervalValue );
            $segments[] = $message->inLanguage( $this )->escaped();
        }

        return $this->listToText( $segments );
    }

    public function getDurationIntervals( $seconds, array $chosenIntervals = [] ) {
        if ( empty( $chosenIntervals ) ) {
            $chosenIntervals = [
                'millennia',
                'centuries',
                'decades',
                'years',
                'days',
                'hours',
                'minutes',
                'seconds'
            ];
        }

        $intervals = array_intersect_key( self::$durationIntervals, array_flip( $chosenIntervals ) );
        $sortedNames = array_keys( $intervals );
        $smallestInterval = array_pop( $sortedNames );

        $segments = [];

        foreach ( $intervals as $name => $length ) {
            $value = floor( $seconds / $length );

            if ( $value > 0 || ( $name == $smallestInterval && empty( $segments ) ) ) {
                $seconds -= $value * $length;
                $segments[$name] = $value;
            }
        }

        return $segments;
    }

    private function internalUserTimeAndDate( $type, $ts, User $user, array $options ) {
        $ts = wfTimestamp( TS_MW, $ts );
        $options += [ 'timecorrection' => true, 'format' => true ];
        if ( $options['timecorrection'] !== false ) {
            if ( $options['timecorrection'] === true ) {
                $offset = $user->getOption( 'timecorrection' );
            } else {
                $offset = $options['timecorrection'];
            }
            $ts = $this->userAdjust( $ts, $offset );
        }
        if ( $options['format'] === true ) {
            $format = $user->getDatePreference();
        } else {
            $format = $options['format'];
        }
        $df = $this->getDateFormatString( $type, $this->dateFormat( $format ) );
        return $this->sprintfDate( $df, $ts );
    }

    public function userDate( $ts, User $user, array $options = [] ) {
        return $this->internalUserTimeAndDate( 'date', $ts, $user, $options );
    }

    public function userTime( $ts, User $user, array $options = [] ) {
        return $this->internalUserTimeAndDate( 'time', $ts, $user, $options );
    }

    public function userTimeAndDate( $ts, User $user, array $options = [] ) {
        return $this->internalUserTimeAndDate( 'both', $ts, $user, $options );
    }

    public function getHumanTimestamp(
        MWTimestamp $time, MWTimestamp $relativeTo = null, User $user = null
    ) {
        if ( $relativeTo === null ) {
            $relativeTo = new MWTimestamp();
        }
        if ( $user === null ) {
            $user = RequestContext::getMain()->getUser();
        }

        // Adjust for the user's timezone.
        $offsetThis = $time->offsetForUser( $user );
        $offsetRel = $relativeTo->offsetForUser( $user );

        $ts = '';
        if ( Hooks::run( 'GetHumanTimestamp', [ &$ts, $time, $relativeTo, $user, $this ] ) ) {
            $ts = $this->getHumanTimestampInternal( $time, $relativeTo, $user );
        }

        // Reset the timezone on the objects.
        $time->timestamp->sub( $offsetThis );
        $relativeTo->timestamp->sub( $offsetRel );

        return $ts;
    }

    private function getHumanTimestampInternal(
        MWTimestamp $ts, MWTimestamp $relativeTo, User $user
    ) {
        $diff = $ts->diff( $relativeTo );
        $diffDay = (bool)( (int)$ts->timestamp->format( 'w' ) -
            (int)$relativeTo->timestamp->format( 'w' ) );
        $days = $diff->days ?: (int)$diffDay;
        if ( $diff->invert || $days > 5
            && $ts->timestamp->format( 'Y' ) !== $relativeTo->timestamp->format( 'Y' )
        ) {
            // Timestamps are in different years: use full timestamp
            // Also do full timestamp for future dates
            $format = $this->getDateFormatString( 'both', $user->getDatePreference() ?: 'default' );
            $ts = $this->sprintfDate( $format, $ts->getTimestamp( TS_MW ) );
        } elseif ( $days > 5 ) {
            // Timestamps are in same year,  but more than 5 days ago: show day and month only.
            $format = $this->getDateFormatString( 'pretty', $user->getDatePreference() ?: 'default' );
            $ts = $this->sprintfDate( $format, $ts->getTimestamp( TS_MW ) );
        } elseif ( $days > 1 ) {
            // Timestamp within the past week: show the day of the week and time
            $format = $this->getDateFormatString( 'time', $user->getDatePreference() ?: 'default' );
            $weekday = self::$mWeekdayMsgs[$ts->timestamp->format( 'w' )];
            // Messages:
            // sunday-at, monday-at, tuesday-at, wednesday-at, thursday-at, friday-at, saturday-at
            $ts = wfMessage( "$weekday-at" )
                ->inLanguage( $this )
                ->params( $this->sprintfDate( $format, $ts->getTimestamp( TS_MW ) ) )
                ->text();
        } elseif ( $days == 1 ) {
            // Timestamp was yesterday: say 'yesterday' and the time.
            $format = $this->getDateFormatString( 'time', $user->getDatePreference() ?: 'default' );
            $ts = wfMessage( 'yesterday-at' )
                ->inLanguage( $this )
                ->params( $this->sprintfDate( $format, $ts->getTimestamp( TS_MW ) ) )
                ->text();
        } elseif ( $diff->h > 1 || $diff->h == 1 && $diff->i > 30 ) {
            // Timestamp was today, but more than 90 minutes ago: say 'today' and the time.
            $format = $this->getDateFormatString( 'time', $user->getDatePreference() ?: 'default' );
            $ts = wfMessage( 'today-at' )
                ->inLanguage( $this )
                ->params( $this->sprintfDate( $format, $ts->getTimestamp( TS_MW ) ) )
                ->text();

        // From here on in, the timestamp was soon enough ago so that we can simply say
        // XX units ago, e.g., "2 hours ago" or "5 minutes ago"
        } elseif ( $diff->h == 1 ) {
            // Less than 90 minutes, but more than an hour ago.
            $ts = wfMessage( 'hours-ago' )->inLanguage( $this )->numParams( 1 )->text();
        } elseif ( $diff->i >= 1 ) {
            // A few minutes ago.
            $ts = wfMessage( 'minutes-ago' )->inLanguage( $this )->numParams( $diff->i )->text();
        } elseif ( $diff->s >= 30 ) {
            // Less than a minute, but more than 30 sec ago.
            $ts = wfMessage( 'seconds-ago' )->inLanguage( $this )->numParams( $diff->s )->text();
        } else {
            // Less than 30 seconds ago.
            $ts = wfMessage( 'just-now' )->text();
        }

        return $ts;
    }

    public function getMessage( $key ) {
        return self::$dataCache->getSubitem( $this->mCode, 'messages', $key );
    }

    function getAllMessages() {
        return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'messages' );
    }

    public function iconv( $in, $out, $string ) {
        # Even with //IGNORE iconv can whine about illegal characters in
        # *input* string. We just ignore those too.
        # REF: https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=37166
        # REF: https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T18885
        MediaWiki\suppressWarnings();
        $text = iconv( $in, $out . '//IGNORE', $string );
        MediaWiki\restoreWarnings();
        return $text;
    }

    // callback functions for ucwords(), ucwordbreaks()

    function ucwordbreaksCallbackAscii( $matches ) {
        return $this->ucfirst( $matches[1] );
    }

    function ucwordbreaksCallbackMB( $matches ) {
        return mb_strtoupper( $matches[0] );
    }

    function ucwordsCallbackMB( $matches ) {
        return mb_strtoupper( $matches[0] );
    }

    public function ucfirst( $str ) {
        $o = ord( $str );
        if ( $o < 96 ) { // if already uppercase...
            return $str;
        } elseif ( $o < 128 ) {
            return ucfirst( $str ); // use PHP's ucfirst()
        } else {
            // fall back to more complex logic in case of multibyte strings
            return $this->uc( $str, true );
        }
    }

    public function uc( $str, $first = false ) {
        if ( $first ) {
            if ( $this->isMultibyte( $str ) ) {
                return mb_strtoupper( mb_substr( $str, 0, 1 ) ) . mb_substr( $str, 1 );
            } else {
                return ucfirst( $str );
            }
        } else {
            return $this->isMultibyte( $str ) ? mb_strtoupper( $str ) : strtoupper( $str );
        }
    }

    function lcfirst( $str ) {
        $o = ord( $str );
        if ( !$o ) {
            return strval( $str );
        } elseif ( $o >= 128 ) {
            return $this->lc( $str, true );
        } elseif ( $o > 96 ) {
            return $str;
        } else {
            $str[0] = strtolower( $str[0] );
            return $str;
        }
    }

    function lc( $str, $first = false ) {
        if ( $first ) {
            if ( $this->isMultibyte( $str ) ) {
                return mb_strtolower( mb_substr( $str, 0, 1 ) ) . mb_substr( $str, 1 );
            } else {
                return strtolower( substr( $str, 0, 1 ) ) . substr( $str, 1 );
            }
        } else {
            return $this->isMultibyte( $str ) ? mb_strtolower( $str ) : strtolower( $str );
        }
    }

    function isMultibyte( $str ) {
        return strlen( $str ) !== mb_strlen( $str );
    }

    function ucwords( $str ) {
        if ( $this->isMultibyte( $str ) ) {
            $str = $this->lc( $str );

            // regexp to find first letter in each word (i.e. after each space)
            $replaceRegexp = "/^([a-z]|[\\xc0-\\xff][\\x80-\\xbf]*)| ([a-z]|[\\xc0-\\xff][\\x80-\\xbf]*)/";

            // function to use to capitalize a single char
            return preg_replace_callback(
                $replaceRegexp,
                [ $this, 'ucwordsCallbackMB' ],
                $str
            );
        } else {
            return ucwords( strtolower( $str ) );
        }
    }

    function ucwordbreaks( $str ) {
        if ( $this->isMultibyte( $str ) ) {
            $str = $this->lc( $str );

            // since \b doesn't work for UTF-8, we explicitely define word break chars
            $breaks = "[ \-\(\)\}\{\.,\?!]";

            // find first letter after word break
            $replaceRegexp = "/^([a-z]|[\\xc0-\\xff][\\x80-\\xbf]*)|" .
                "$breaks([a-z]|[\\xc0-\\xff][\\x80-\\xbf]*)/";

            return preg_replace_callback(
                $replaceRegexp,
                [ $this, 'ucwordbreaksCallbackMB' ],
                $str
            );
        } else {
            return preg_replace_callback(
                '/\b([\w\x80-\xff]+)\b/',
                [ $this, 'ucwordbreaksCallbackAscii' ],
                $str
            );
        }
    }

    function caseFold( $s ) {
        return $this->uc( $s );
    }

    function checkTitleEncoding( $s ) {
        if ( is_array( $s ) ) {
            throw new MWException( 'Given array to checkTitleEncoding.' );
        }
        if ( StringUtils::isUtf8( $s ) ) {
            return $s;
        }

        return $this->iconv( $this->fallback8bitEncoding(), 'utf-8', $s );
    }

    function fallback8bitEncoding() {
        return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'fallback8bitEncoding' );
    }

    function hasWordBreaks() {
        return true;
    }

    function segmentByWord( $string ) {
        return $string;
    }

    function normalizeForSearch( $string ) {
        return self::convertDoubleWidth( $string );
    }

    protected static function convertDoubleWidth( $string ) {
        static $full = null;
        static $half = null;

        if ( $full === null ) {
            $fullWidth = "０１２３４５６７８９ＡＢＣＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭＮＯＰＱＲＳＴＵＶＷＸＹＺａｂｃｄｅｆｇｈｉｊｋｌｍｎｏｐｑｒｓｔｕｖｗｘｙｚ";
            $halfWidth = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
            $full = str_split( $fullWidth, 3 );
            $half = str_split( $halfWidth );
        }

        $string = str_replace( $full, $half, $string );
        return $string;
    }

    protected static function insertSpace( $string, $pattern ) {
        $string = preg_replace( $pattern, " $1 ", $string );
        $string = preg_replace( '/ +/', ' ', $string );
        return $string;
    }

    function convertForSearchResult( $termsArray ) {
        # some languages, e.g. Chinese, need to do a conversion
        # in order for search results to be displayed correctly
        return $termsArray;
    }

    function firstChar( $s ) {
        $matches = [];
        preg_match(
            '/^([\x00-\x7f]|[\xc0-\xdf][\x80-\xbf]|' .
                '[\xe0-\xef][\x80-\xbf]{2}|[\xf0-\xf7][\x80-\xbf]{3})/',
            $s,
            $matches
        );

        if ( isset( $matches[1] ) ) {
            if ( strlen( $matches[1] ) != 3 ) {
                return $matches[1];
            }

            // Break down Hangul syllables to grab the first jamo
            $code = UtfNormal\Utils::utf8ToCodepoint( $matches[1] );
            if ( $code < 0xac00 || 0xd7a4 <= $code ) {
                return $matches[1];
            } elseif ( $code < 0xb098 ) {
                return "\xe3\x84\xb1";
            } elseif ( $code < 0xb2e4 ) {
                return "\xe3\x84\xb4";
            } elseif ( $code < 0xb77c ) {
                return "\xe3\x84\xb7";
            } elseif ( $code < 0xb9c8 ) {
                return "\xe3\x84\xb9";
            } elseif ( $code < 0xbc14 ) {
                return "\xe3\x85\x81";
            } elseif ( $code < 0xc0ac ) {
                return "\xe3\x85\x82";
            } elseif ( $code < 0xc544 ) {
                return "\xe3\x85\x85";
            } elseif ( $code < 0xc790 ) {
                return "\xe3\x85\x87";
            } elseif ( $code < 0xcc28 ) {
                return "\xe3\x85\x88";
            } elseif ( $code < 0xce74 ) {
                return "\xe3\x85\x8a";
            } elseif ( $code < 0xd0c0 ) {
                return "\xe3\x85\x8b";
            } elseif ( $code < 0xd30c ) {
                return "\xe3\x85\x8c";
            } elseif ( $code < 0xd558 ) {
                return "\xe3\x85\x8d";
            } else {
                return "\xe3\x85\x8e";
            }
        } else {
            return '';
        }
    }

    function initEncoding() {
        // No-op.
    }

    function recodeForEdit( $s ) {
        return $s;
    }

    function recodeInput( $s ) {
        return $s;
    }

    function normalize( $s ) {
        global $wgAllUnicodeFixes;
        $s = UtfNormal\Validator::cleanUp( $s );
        if ( $wgAllUnicodeFixes ) {
            $s = $this->transformUsingPairFile( 'normalize-ar.ser', $s );
            $s = $this->transformUsingPairFile( 'normalize-ml.ser', $s );
        }

        return $s;
    }

    function transformUsingPairFile( $file, $string ) {
        if ( !isset( $this->transformData[$file] ) ) {
            $data = wfGetPrecompiledData( $file );
            if ( $data === false ) {
                throw new MWException( __METHOD__ . ": The transformation file $file is missing" );
            }
            $this->transformData[$file] = new ReplacementArray( $data );
        }
        return $this->transformData[$file]->replace( $string );
    }

    function isRTL() {
        return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'rtl' );
    }

    function getDir() {
        return $this->isRTL() ? 'rtl' : 'ltr';
    }

    function alignStart() {
        return $this->isRTL() ? 'right' : 'left';
    }

    function alignEnd() {
        return $this->isRTL() ? 'left' : 'right';
    }

    function getDirMarkEntity( $opposite = false ) {
        if ( $opposite ) {
            return $this->isRTL() ? '&lrm;' : '&rlm;';
        }
        return $this->isRTL() ? '&rlm;' : '&lrm;';
    }

    function getDirMark( $opposite = false ) {
        $lrm = "\xE2\x80\x8E"; # LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK, commonly abbreviated LRM
        $rlm = "\xE2\x80\x8F"; # RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK, commonly abbreviated RLM
        if ( $opposite ) {
            return $this->isRTL() ? $lrm : $rlm;
        }
        return $this->isRTL() ? $rlm : $lrm;
    }

    function capitalizeAllNouns() {
        return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'capitalizeAllNouns' );
    }

    function getArrow( $direction = 'forwards' ) {
        switch ( $direction ) {
        case 'forwards':
            return $this->isRTL() ? '←' : '→';
        case 'backwards':
            return $this->isRTL() ? '→' : '←';
        case 'left':
            return '←';
        case 'right':
            return '→';
        case 'up':
            return '↑';
        case 'down':
            return '↓';
        }
    }

    function linkPrefixExtension() {
        return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'linkPrefixExtension' );
    }

    function getMagicWords() {
        return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'magicWords' );
    }

    protected function doMagicHook() {
        if ( $this->mMagicHookDone ) {
            return;
        }
        $this->mMagicHookDone = true;
        Hooks::run( 'LanguageGetMagic', [ &$this->mMagicExtensions, $this->getCode() ] );
    }

    function getMagic( $mw ) {
        // Saves a function call
        if ( !$this->mMagicHookDone ) {
            $this->doMagicHook();
        }

        if ( isset( $this->mMagicExtensions[$mw->mId] ) ) {
            $rawEntry = $this->mMagicExtensions[$mw->mId];
        } else {
            $rawEntry = self::$dataCache->getSubitem(
                $this->mCode, 'magicWords', $mw->mId );
        }

        if ( !is_array( $rawEntry ) ) {
            wfWarn( "\"$rawEntry\" is not a valid magic word for \"$mw->mId\"" );
        } else {
            $mw->mCaseSensitive = $rawEntry[0];
            $mw->mSynonyms = array_slice( $rawEntry, 1 );
        }
    }

    function addMagicWordsByLang( $newWords ) {
        $fallbackChain = $this->getFallbackLanguages();
        $fallbackChain = array_reverse( $fallbackChain );
        foreach ( $fallbackChain as $code ) {
            if ( isset( $newWords[$code] ) ) {
                $this->mMagicExtensions = $newWords[$code] + $this->mMagicExtensions;
            }
        }
    }

    function getSpecialPageAliases() {
        // Cache aliases because it may be slow to load them
        if ( is_null( $this->mExtendedSpecialPageAliases ) ) {
            // Initialise array
            $this->mExtendedSpecialPageAliases =
                self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'specialPageAliases' );
            Hooks::run( 'LanguageGetSpecialPageAliases',
                [ &$this->mExtendedSpecialPageAliases, $this->getCode() ] );
        }

        return $this->mExtendedSpecialPageAliases;
    }

    function emphasize( $text ) {
        return "<em>$text</em>";
    }

    public function formatNum( $number, $nocommafy = false ) {
        global $wgTranslateNumerals;
        if ( !$nocommafy ) {
            $number = $this->commafy( $number );
            $s = $this->separatorTransformTable();
            if ( $s ) {
                $number = strtr( $number, $s );
            }
        }

        if ( $wgTranslateNumerals ) {
            $s = $this->digitTransformTable();
            if ( $s ) {
                $number = strtr( $number, $s );
            }
        }

        return $number;
    }

    public function formatNumNoSeparators( $number ) {
        return $this->formatNum( $number, true );
    }

    public function parseFormattedNumber( $number ) {
        $s = $this->digitTransformTable();
        if ( $s ) {
            // eliminate empty array values such as ''. (bug 64347)
            $s = array_filter( $s );
            $number = strtr( $number, array_flip( $s ) );
        }

        $s = $this->separatorTransformTable();
        if ( $s ) {
            // eliminate empty array values such as ''. (bug 64347)
            $s = array_filter( $s );
            $number = strtr( $number, array_flip( $s ) );
        }

        $number = strtr( $number, [ ',' => '' ] );
        return $number;
    }

    function commafy( $number ) {
        $digitGroupingPattern = $this->digitGroupingPattern();
        if ( $number === null ) {
            return '';
        }

        if ( !$digitGroupingPattern || $digitGroupingPattern === "###,###,###" ) {
            // default grouping is at thousands,  use the same for ###,###,### pattern too.
            return strrev( (string)preg_replace( '/(\d{3})(?=\d)(?!\d*\.)/', '$1,', strrev( $number ) ) );
        } else {
            // Ref: http://cldr.unicode.org/translation/number-patterns
            $sign = "";
            if ( intval( $number ) < 0 ) {
                // For negative numbers apply the algorithm like positive number and add sign.
                $sign = "-";
                $number = substr( $number, 1 );
            }
            $integerPart = [];
            $decimalPart = [];
            $numMatches = preg_match_all( "/(#+)/", $digitGroupingPattern, $matches );
            preg_match( "/\d+/", $number, $integerPart );
            preg_match( "/\.\d*/", $number, $decimalPart );
            $groupedNumber = ( count( $decimalPart ) > 0 ) ? $decimalPart[0] : "";
            if ( $groupedNumber === $number ) {
                // the string does not have any number part. Eg: .12345
                return $sign . $groupedNumber;
            }
            $start = $end = ( $integerPart ) ? strlen( $integerPart[0] ) : 0;
            while ( $start > 0 ) {
                $match = $matches[0][$numMatches - 1];
                $matchLen = strlen( $match );
                $start = $end - $matchLen;
                if ( $start < 0 ) {
                    $start = 0;
                }
                $groupedNumber = substr( $number, $start, $end -$start ) . $groupedNumber;
                $end = $start;
                if ( $numMatches > 1 ) {
                    // use the last pattern for the rest of the number
                    $numMatches--;
                }
                if ( $start > 0 ) {
                    $groupedNumber = "," . $groupedNumber;
                }
            }
            return $sign . $groupedNumber;
        }
    }

    function digitGroupingPattern() {
        return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'digitGroupingPattern' );
    }

    function digitTransformTable() {
        return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'digitTransformTable' );
    }

    function separatorTransformTable() {
        return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'separatorTransformTable' );
    }

    function listToText( array $l ) {
        $m = count( $l ) - 1;
        if ( $m < 0 ) {
            return '';
        }
        if ( $m > 0 ) {
            $and = $this->msg( 'and' )->escaped();
            $space = $this->msg( 'word-separator' )->escaped();
            if ( $m > 1 ) {
                $comma = $this->msg( 'comma-separator' )->escaped();
            }
        }
        $s = $l[$m];
        for ( $i = $m - 1; $i >= 0; $i-- ) {
            if ( $i == $m - 1 ) {
                $s = $l[$i] . $and . $space . $s;
            } else {
                $s = $l[$i] . $comma . $s;
            }
        }
        return $s;
    }

    function commaList( array $list ) {
        return implode(
            wfMessage( 'comma-separator' )->inLanguage( $this )->escaped(),
            $list
        );
    }

    function semicolonList( array $list ) {
        return implode(
            wfMessage( 'semicolon-separator' )->inLanguage( $this )->escaped(),
            $list
        );
    }

    function pipeList( array $list ) {
        return implode(
            wfMessage( 'pipe-separator' )->inLanguage( $this )->escaped(),
            $list
        );
    }

    function truncate( $string, $length, $ellipsis = '...', $adjustLength = true ) {
        # Use the localized ellipsis character
        if ( $ellipsis == '...' ) {
            $ellipsis = wfMessage( 'ellipsis' )->inLanguage( $this )->escaped();
        }
        # Check if there is no need to truncate
        if ( $length == 0 ) {
            return $ellipsis; // convention
        } elseif ( strlen( $string ) <= abs( $length ) ) {
            return $string; // no need to truncate
        }
        $stringOriginal = $string;
        # If ellipsis length is >= $length then we can't apply $adjustLength
        if ( $adjustLength && strlen( $ellipsis ) >= abs( $length ) ) {
            $string = $ellipsis; // this can be slightly unexpected
        # Otherwise, truncate and add ellipsis...
        } else {
            $eLength = $adjustLength ? strlen( $ellipsis ) : 0;
            if ( $length > 0 ) {
                $length -= $eLength;
                $string = substr( $string, 0, $length ); // xyz...
                $string = $this->removeBadCharLast( $string );
                $string = rtrim( $string );
                $string = $string . $ellipsis;
            } else {
                $length += $eLength;
                $string = substr( $string, $length ); // ...xyz
                $string = $this->removeBadCharFirst( $string );
                $string = ltrim( $string );
                $string = $ellipsis . $string;
            }
        }
        # Do not truncate if the ellipsis makes the string longer/equal (bug 22181).
        # This check is *not* redundant if $adjustLength, due to the single case where
        # LEN($ellipsis) > ABS($limit arg); $stringOriginal could be shorter than $string.
        if ( strlen( $string ) < strlen( $stringOriginal ) ) {
            return $string;
        } else {
            return $stringOriginal;
        }
    }

    protected function removeBadCharLast( $string ) {
        if ( $string != '' ) {
            $char = ord( $string[strlen( $string ) - 1] );
            $m = [];
            if ( $char >= 0xc0 ) {
                # We got the first byte only of a multibyte char; remove it.
                $string = substr( $string, 0, -1 );
            } elseif ( $char >= 0x80 &&
                // Use the /s modifier (PCRE_DOTALL) so (.*) also matches newlines
                preg_match( '/^(.*)(?:[\xe0-\xef][\x80-\xbf]|' .
                    '[\xf0-\xf7][\x80-\xbf]{1,2})$/s', $string, $m )
            ) {
                # We chopped in the middle of a character; remove it
                $string = $m[1];
            }
        }
        return $string;
    }

    protected function removeBadCharFirst( $string ) {
        if ( $string != '' ) {
            $char = ord( $string[0] );
            if ( $char >= 0x80 && $char < 0xc0 ) {
                # We chopped in the middle of a character; remove the whole thing
                $string = preg_replace( '/^[\x80-\xbf]+/', '', $string );
            }
        }
        return $string;
    }

    function truncateHtml( $text, $length, $ellipsis = '...' ) {
        # Use the localized ellipsis character
        if ( $ellipsis == '...' ) {
            $ellipsis = wfMessage( 'ellipsis' )->inLanguage( $this )->escaped();
        }
        # Check if there is clearly no need to truncate
        if ( $length <= 0 ) {
            return $ellipsis; // no text shown, nothing to format (convention)
        } elseif ( strlen( $text ) <= $length ) {
            return $text; // string short enough even *with* HTML (short-circuit)
        }

        $dispLen = 0; // innerHTML legth so far
        $testingEllipsis = false; // checking if ellipses will make string longer/equal?
        $tagType = 0; // 0-open, 1-close
        $bracketState = 0; // 1-tag start, 2-tag name, 0-neither
        $entityState = 0; // 0-not entity, 1-entity
        $tag = $ret = ''; // accumulated tag name, accumulated result string
        $openTags = []; // open tag stack
        $maybeState = null; // possible truncation state

        $textLen = strlen( $text );
        $neLength = max( 0, $length - strlen( $ellipsis ) ); // non-ellipsis len if truncated
        for ( $pos = 0; true; ++$pos ) {
            # Consider truncation once the display length has reached the maximim.
            # We check if $dispLen > 0 to grab tags for the $neLength = 0 case.
            # Check that we're not in the middle of a bracket/entity...
            if ( $dispLen && $dispLen >= $neLength && $bracketState == 0 && !$entityState ) {
                if ( !$testingEllipsis ) {
                    $testingEllipsis = true;
                    # Save where we are; we will truncate here unless there turn out to
                    # be so few remaining characters that truncation is not necessary.
                    if ( !$maybeState ) { // already saved? ($neLength = 0 case)
                        $maybeState = [ $ret, $openTags ]; // save state
                    }
                } elseif ( $dispLen > $length && $dispLen > strlen( $ellipsis ) ) {
                    # String in fact does need truncation, the truncation point was OK.
                    list( $ret, $openTags ) = $maybeState; // reload state
                    $ret = $this->removeBadCharLast( $ret ); // multi-byte char fix
                    $ret .= $ellipsis; // add ellipsis
                    break;
                }
            }
            if ( $pos >= $textLen ) {
                break; // extra iteration just for above checks
            }

            # Read the next char...
            $ch = $text[$pos];
            $lastCh = $pos ? $text[$pos - 1] : '';
            $ret .= $ch; // add to result string
            if ( $ch == '<' ) {
                $this->truncate_endBracket( $tag, $tagType, $lastCh, $openTags ); // for bad HTML
                $entityState = 0; // for bad HTML
                $bracketState = 1; // tag started (checking for backslash)
            } elseif ( $ch == '>' ) {
                $this->truncate_endBracket( $tag, $tagType, $lastCh, $openTags );
                $entityState = 0; // for bad HTML
                $bracketState = 0; // out of brackets
            } elseif ( $bracketState == 1 ) {
                if ( $ch == '/' ) {
                    $tagType = 1; // close tag (e.g. "</span>")
                } else {
                    $tagType = 0; // open tag (e.g. "<span>")
                    $tag .= $ch;
                }
                $bracketState = 2; // building tag name
            } elseif ( $bracketState == 2 ) {
                if ( $ch != ' ' ) {
                    $tag .= $ch;
                } else {
                    // Name found (e.g. "<a href=..."), add on tag attributes...
                    $pos += $this->truncate_skip( $ret, $text, "<>", $pos + 1 );
                }
            } elseif ( $bracketState == 0 ) {
                if ( $entityState ) {
                    if ( $ch == ';' ) {
                        $entityState = 0;
                        $dispLen++; // entity is one displayed char
                    }
                } else {
                    if ( $neLength == 0 && !$maybeState ) {
                        // Save state without $ch. We want to *hit* the first
                        // display char (to get tags) but not *use* it if truncating.
                        $maybeState = [ substr( $ret, 0, -1 ), $openTags ];
                    }
                    if ( $ch == '&' ) {
                        $entityState = 1; // entity found, (e.g. "&#160;")
                    } else {
                        $dispLen++; // this char is displayed
                        // Add the next $max display text chars after this in one swoop...
                        $max = ( $testingEllipsis ? $length : $neLength ) - $dispLen;
                        $skipped = $this->truncate_skip( $ret, $text, "<>&", $pos + 1, $max );
                        $dispLen += $skipped;
                        $pos += $skipped;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        // Close the last tag if left unclosed by bad HTML
        $this->truncate_endBracket( $tag, $text[$textLen - 1], $tagType, $openTags );
        while ( count( $openTags ) > 0 ) {
            $ret .= '</' . array_pop( $openTags ) . '>'; // close open tags
        }
        return $ret;
    }

    private function truncate_skip( &$ret, $text, $search, $start, $len = null ) {
        if ( $len === null ) {
            $len = -1; // -1 means "no limit" for strcspn
        } elseif ( $len < 0 ) {
            $len = 0; // sanity
        }
        $skipCount = 0;
        if ( $start < strlen( $text ) ) {
            $skipCount = strcspn( $text, $search, $start, $len );
            $ret .= substr( $text, $start, $skipCount );
        }
        return $skipCount;
    }

    private function truncate_endBracket( &$tag, $tagType, $lastCh, &$openTags ) {
        $tag = ltrim( $tag );
        if ( $tag != '' ) {
            if ( $tagType == 0 && $lastCh != '/' ) {
                $openTags[] = $tag; // tag opened (didn't close itself)
            } elseif ( $tagType == 1 ) {
                if ( $openTags && $tag == $openTags[count( $openTags ) - 1] ) {
                    array_pop( $openTags ); // tag closed
                }
            }
            $tag = '';
        }
    }

    function convertGrammar( $word, $case ) {
        global $wgGrammarForms;
        if ( isset( $wgGrammarForms[$this->getCode()][$case][$word] ) ) {
            return $wgGrammarForms[$this->getCode()][$case][$word];
        }

        return $word;
    }

    function getGrammarForms() {
        global $wgGrammarForms;
        if ( isset( $wgGrammarForms[$this->getCode()] )
            && is_array( $wgGrammarForms[$this->getCode()] )
        ) {
            return $wgGrammarForms[$this->getCode()];
        }

        return [];
    }

    public function getGrammarTransformations() {
        $languageCode = $this->getCode();

        if ( self::$grammarTransformations === null ) {
            self::$grammarTransformations = new MapCacheLRU( 10 );
        }

        if ( self::$grammarTransformations->has( $languageCode ) ) {
            return self::$grammarTransformations->get( $languageCode );
        }

        $data = [];

        $grammarDataFile = __DIR__ . "/data/grammarTransformations/$languageCode.json";
        if ( is_readable( $grammarDataFile ) ) {
            $data = FormatJson::decode(
                file_get_contents( $grammarDataFile ),
                true
            );

            if ( $data === null ) {
                throw new MWException( "Invalid grammar data for \"$languageCode\"." );
            }

            self::$grammarTransformations->set( $languageCode, $data );
        }

        return $data;
    }

    function gender( $gender, $forms ) {
        if ( !count( $forms ) ) {
            return '';
        }
        $forms = $this->preConvertPlural( $forms, 2 );
        if ( $gender === 'male' ) {
            return $forms[0];
        }
        if ( $gender === 'female' ) {
            return $forms[1];
        }
        return isset( $forms[2] ) ? $forms[2] : $forms[0];
    }

    function convertPlural( $count, $forms ) {
        // Handle explicit n=pluralform cases
        $forms = $this->handleExplicitPluralForms( $count, $forms );
        if ( is_string( $forms ) ) {
            return $forms;
        }
        if ( !count( $forms ) ) {
            return '';
        }

        $pluralForm = $this->getPluralRuleIndexNumber( $count );
        $pluralForm = min( $pluralForm, count( $forms ) - 1 );
        return $forms[$pluralForm];
    }

    protected function handleExplicitPluralForms( $count, array $forms ) {
        foreach ( $forms as $index => $form ) {
            if ( preg_match( '/\d+=/i', $form ) ) {
                $pos = strpos( $form, '=' );
                if ( substr( $form, 0, $pos ) === (string)$count ) {
                    return substr( $form, $pos + 1 );
                }
                unset( $forms[$index] );
            }
        }
        return array_values( $forms );
    }

    protected function preConvertPlural( /* Array */ $forms, $count ) {
        while ( count( $forms ) < $count ) {
            $forms[] = $forms[count( $forms ) - 1];
        }
        return $forms;
    }

    public function embedBidi( $text = '' ) {
        $dir = Language::strongDirFromContent( $text );
        if ( $dir === 'ltr' ) {
            // Wrap in LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING ... POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING
            return self::$lre . $text . self::$pdf;
        }
        if ( $dir === 'rtl' ) {
            // Wrap in RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING ... POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING
            return self::$rle . $text . self::$pdf;
        }
        // No strong directionality: do not wrap
        return $text;
    }

    function translateBlockExpiry( $str, User $user = null ) {
        $duration = SpecialBlock::getSuggestedDurations( $this );
        foreach ( $duration as $show => $value ) {
            if ( strcmp( $str, $value ) == 0 ) {
                return htmlspecialchars( trim( $show ) );
            }
        }

        if ( wfIsInfinity( $str ) ) {
            foreach ( $duration as $show => $value ) {
                if ( wfIsInfinity( $value ) ) {
                    return htmlspecialchars( trim( $show ) );
                }
            }
        }

        // If all else fails, return a standard duration or timestamp description.
        $time = strtotime( $str, 0 );
        if ( $time === false ) { // Unknown format. Return it as-is in case.
            return $str;
        } elseif ( $time !== strtotime( $str, 1 ) ) { // It's a relative timestamp.
            // $time is relative to 0 so it's a duration length.
            return $this->formatDuration( $time );
        } else { // It's an absolute timestamp.
            if ( $time === 0 ) {
                // wfTimestamp() handles 0 as current time instead of epoch.
                $time = '19700101000000';
            }
            if ( $user ) {
                return $this->userTimeAndDate( $time, $user );
            }
            return $this->timeanddate( $time );
        }
    }

    public function segmentForDiff( $text ) {
        return $text;
    }

    public function unsegmentForDiff( $text ) {
        return $text;
    }

    public function getConverter() {
        return $this->mConverter;
    }

    public function autoConvertToAllVariants( $text ) {
        return $this->mConverter->autoConvertToAllVariants( $text );
    }

    public function convert( $text ) {
        return $this->mConverter->convert( $text );
    }

    public function convertTitle( $title ) {
        return $this->mConverter->convertTitle( $title );
    }

    public function convertNamespace( $ns ) {
        return $this->mConverter->convertNamespace( $ns );
    }

    public function hasVariants() {
        return count( $this->getVariants() ) > 1;
    }

    public function hasVariant( $variant ) {
        return (bool)$this->mConverter->validateVariant( $variant );
    }

    public function convertHtml( $text, $isTitle = false ) {
        return htmlspecialchars( $this->convert( $text, $isTitle ) );
    }

    public function convertCategoryKey( $key ) {
        return $this->mConverter->convertCategoryKey( $key );
    }

    public function getVariants() {
        return $this->mConverter->getVariants();
    }

    public function getPreferredVariant() {
        return $this->mConverter->getPreferredVariant();
    }

    public function getDefaultVariant() {
        return $this->mConverter->getDefaultVariant();
    }

    public function getURLVariant() {
        return $this->mConverter->getURLVariant();
    }

    public function findVariantLink( &$link, &$nt, $ignoreOtherCond = false ) {
        $this->mConverter->findVariantLink( $link, $nt, $ignoreOtherCond );
    }

    function getExtraHashOptions() {
        return $this->mConverter->getExtraHashOptions();
    }

    public function getParsedTitle() {
        return $this->mConverter->getParsedTitle();
    }

    public function updateConversionTable( Title $title ) {
        $this->mConverter->updateConversionTable( $title );
    }

    public function markNoConversion( $text, $noParse = false ) {
        // Excluding protocal-relative URLs may avoid many false positives.
        if ( $noParse || preg_match( '/^(?:' . wfUrlProtocolsWithoutProtRel() . ')/', $text ) ) {
            return $this->mConverter->markNoConversion( $text );
        } else {
            return $text;
        }
    }

    public function linkTrail() {
        return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'linkTrail' );
    }

    public function linkPrefixCharset() {
        return self::$dataCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'linkPrefixCharset' );
    }

    public function getParentLanguage() {
        if ( $this->mParentLanguage !== false ) {
            return $this->mParentLanguage;
        }

        $code = explode( '-', $this->getCode() )[0];
        if ( !in_array( $code, LanguageConverter::$languagesWithVariants ) ) {
            $this->mParentLanguage = null;
            return null;
        }
        $lang = Language::factory( $code );
        if ( !$lang->hasVariant( $this->getCode() ) ) {
            $this->mParentLanguage = null;
            return null;
        }

        $this->mParentLanguage = $lang;
        return $lang;
    }

    public function equals( Language $lang ) {
        return $lang->getCode() === $this->mCode;
    }

    public function getCode() {
        return $this->mCode;
    }

    public function getHtmlCode() {
        if ( is_null( $this->mHtmlCode ) ) {
            $this->mHtmlCode = wfBCP47( $this->getCode() );
        }
        return $this->mHtmlCode;
    }

    public function setCode( $code ) {
        $this->mCode = $code;
        // Ensure we don't leave incorrect cached data lying around
        $this->mHtmlCode = null;
        $this->mParentLanguage = false;
    }

    public static function getCodeFromFileName( $filename, $prefix = 'Language', $suffix = '.php' ) {
        $m = null;
        preg_match( '/' . preg_quote( $prefix, '/' ) . '([A-Z][a-z_]+)' .
            preg_quote( $suffix, '/' ) . '/', $filename, $m );
        if ( !count( $m ) ) {
            return false;
        }
        return str_replace( '_', '-', strtolower( $m[1] ) );
    }

    public static function classFromCode( $code ) {
        if ( $code == 'en' ) {
            return 'Language';
        } else {
            return 'Language' . str_replace( '-', '_', ucfirst( $code ) );
        }
    }

    public static function getFileName( $prefix = 'Language', $code, $suffix = '.php' ) {
        if ( !self::isValidBuiltInCode( $code ) ) {
            throw new MWException( "Invalid language code \"$code\"" );
        }

        return $prefix . str_replace( '-', '_', ucfirst( $code ) ) . $suffix;
    }

    public static function getMessagesFileName( $code ) {
        global $IP;
        $file = self::getFileName( "$IP/languages/messages/Messages", $code, '.php' );
        Hooks::run( 'Language::getMessagesFileName', [ $code, &$file ] );
        return $file;
    }

    public static function getJsonMessagesFileName( $code ) {
        global $IP;

        if ( !self::isValidBuiltInCode( $code ) ) {
            throw new MWException( "Invalid language code \"$code\"" );
        }

        return "$IP/languages/i18n/$code.json";
    }

    public static function getFallbackFor( $code ) {
        $fallbacks = self::getFallbacksFor( $code );
        if ( $fallbacks ) {
            return $fallbacks[0];
        }
        return false;
    }

    public static function getFallbacksFor( $code ) {
        if ( $code === 'en' || !Language::isValidBuiltInCode( $code ) ) {
            return [];
        }
        // For unknown languages, fallbackSequence returns an empty array,
        // hardcode fallback to 'en' in that case.
        return self::getLocalisationCache()->getItem( $code, 'fallbackSequence' ) ?: [ 'en' ];
    }

    public static function getFallbacksIncludingSiteLanguage( $code ) {
        global $wgLanguageCode;

        // Usually, we will only store a tiny number of fallback chains, so we
        // keep them in static memory.
        $cacheKey = "{$code}-{$wgLanguageCode}";

        if ( !array_key_exists( $cacheKey, self::$fallbackLanguageCache ) ) {
            $fallbacks = self::getFallbacksFor( $code );

            // Append the site's fallback chain, including the site language itself
            $siteFallbacks = self::getFallbacksFor( $wgLanguageCode );
            array_unshift( $siteFallbacks, $wgLanguageCode );

            // Eliminate any languages already included in the chain
            $siteFallbacks = array_diff( $siteFallbacks, $fallbacks );

            self::$fallbackLanguageCache[$cacheKey] = [ $fallbacks, $siteFallbacks ];
        }
        return self::$fallbackLanguageCache[$cacheKey];
    }

    public static function getMessagesFor( $code ) {
        return self::getLocalisationCache()->getItem( $code, 'messages' );
    }

    public static function getMessageFor( $key, $code ) {
        return self::getLocalisationCache()->getSubitem( $code, 'messages', $key );
    }

    public static function getMessageKeysFor( $code ) {
        return self::getLocalisationCache()->getSubitemList( $code, 'messages' );
    }

    function fixVariableInNamespace( $talk ) {
        if ( strpos( $talk, '$1' ) === false ) {
            return $talk;
        }

        global $wgMetaNamespace;
        $talk = str_replace( '$1', $wgMetaNamespace, $talk );

        # Allow grammar transformations
        # Allowing full message-style parsing would make simple requests
        # such as action=raw much more expensive than they need to be.
        # This will hopefully cover most cases.
        $talk = preg_replace_callback( '/{{grammar:(.*?)\|(.*?)}}/i',
            [ &$this, 'replaceGrammarInNamespace' ], $talk );
        return str_replace( ' ', '_', $talk );
    }

    function replaceGrammarInNamespace( $m ) {
        return $this->convertGrammar( trim( $m[2] ), trim( $m[1] ) );
    }

    public function formatExpiry( $expiry, $format = true, $infinity = 'infinity' ) {
        static $dbInfinity;
        if ( $dbInfinity === null ) {
            $dbInfinity = wfGetDB( DB_SLAVE )->getInfinity();
        }

        if ( $expiry == '' || $expiry === 'infinity' || $expiry == $dbInfinity ) {
            return $format === true
                ? $this->getMessageFromDB( 'infiniteblock' )
                : $infinity;
        } else {
            return $format === true
                ? $this->timeanddate( $expiry, /* User preference timezone */ true )
                : wfTimestamp( $format, $expiry );
        }
    }

    function formatTimePeriod( $seconds, $format = [] ) {
        if ( !is_array( $format ) ) {
            $format = [ 'avoid' => $format ]; // For backwards compatibility
        }
        if ( !isset( $format['avoid'] ) ) {
            $format['avoid'] = false;
        }
        if ( !isset( $format['noabbrevs'] ) ) {
            $format['noabbrevs'] = false;
        }
        $secondsMsg = wfMessage(
            $format['noabbrevs'] ? 'seconds' : 'seconds-abbrev' )->inLanguage( $this );
        $minutesMsg = wfMessage(
            $format['noabbrevs'] ? 'minutes' : 'minutes-abbrev' )->inLanguage( $this );
        $hoursMsg = wfMessage(
            $format['noabbrevs'] ? 'hours' : 'hours-abbrev' )->inLanguage( $this );
        $daysMsg = wfMessage(
            $format['noabbrevs'] ? 'days' : 'days-abbrev' )->inLanguage( $this );

        if ( round( $seconds * 10 ) < 100 ) {
            $s = $this->formatNum( sprintf( "%.1f", round( $seconds * 10 ) / 10 ) );
            $s = $secondsMsg->params( $s )->text();
        } elseif ( round( $seconds ) < 60 ) {
            $s = $this->formatNum( round( $seconds ) );
            $s = $secondsMsg->params( $s )->text();
        } elseif ( round( $seconds ) < 3600 ) {
            $minutes = floor( $seconds / 60 );
            $secondsPart = round( fmod( $seconds, 60 ) );
            if ( $secondsPart == 60 ) {
                $secondsPart = 0;
                $minutes++;
            }
            $s = $minutesMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $minutes ) )->text();
            $s .= ' ';
            $s .= $secondsMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $secondsPart ) )->text();
        } elseif ( round( $seconds ) <= 2 * 86400 ) {
            $hours = floor( $seconds / 3600 );
            $minutes = floor( ( $seconds - $hours * 3600 ) / 60 );
            $secondsPart = round( $seconds - $hours * 3600 - $minutes * 60 );
            if ( $secondsPart == 60 ) {
                $secondsPart = 0;
                $minutes++;
            }
            if ( $minutes == 60 ) {
                $minutes = 0;
                $hours++;
            }
            $s = $hoursMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $hours ) )->text();
            $s .= ' ';
            $s .= $minutesMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $minutes ) )->text();
            if ( !in_array( $format['avoid'], [ 'avoidseconds', 'avoidminutes' ] ) ) {
                $s .= ' ' . $secondsMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $secondsPart ) )->text();
            }
        } else {
            $days = floor( $seconds / 86400 );
            if ( $format['avoid'] === 'avoidminutes' ) {
                $hours = round( ( $seconds - $days * 86400 ) / 3600 );
                if ( $hours == 24 ) {
                    $hours = 0;
                    $days++;
                }
                $s = $daysMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $days ) )->text();
                $s .= ' ';
                $s .= $hoursMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $hours ) )->text();
            } elseif ( $format['avoid'] === 'avoidseconds' ) {
                $hours = floor( ( $seconds - $days * 86400 ) / 3600 );
                $minutes = round( ( $seconds - $days * 86400 - $hours * 3600 ) / 60 );
                if ( $minutes == 60 ) {
                    $minutes = 0;
                    $hours++;
                }
                if ( $hours == 24 ) {
                    $hours = 0;
                    $days++;
                }
                $s = $daysMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $days ) )->text();
                $s .= ' ';
                $s .= $hoursMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $hours ) )->text();
                $s .= ' ';
                $s .= $minutesMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $minutes ) )->text();
            } else {
                $s = $daysMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $days ) )->text();
                $s .= ' ';
                $s .= $this->formatTimePeriod( $seconds - $days * 86400, $format );
            }
        }
        return $s;
    }

    function formatBitrate( $bps ) {
        return $this->formatComputingNumbers( $bps, 1000, "bitrate-$1bits" );
    }

    function formatComputingNumbers( $size, $boundary, $messageKey ) {
        if ( $size <= 0 ) {
            return str_replace( '$1', $this->formatNum( $size ),
                $this->getMessageFromDB( str_replace( '$1', '', $messageKey ) )
            );
        }
        $sizes = [ '', 'kilo', 'mega', 'giga', 'tera', 'peta', 'exa', 'zeta', 'yotta' ];
        $index = 0;

        $maxIndex = count( $sizes ) - 1;
        while ( $size >= $boundary && $index < $maxIndex ) {
            $index++;
            $size /= $boundary;
        }

        // For small sizes no decimal places necessary
        $round = 0;
        if ( $index > 1 ) {
            // For MB and bigger two decimal places are smarter
            $round = 2;
        }
        $msg = str_replace( '$1', $sizes[$index], $messageKey );

        $size = round( $size, $round );
        $text = $this->getMessageFromDB( $msg );
        return str_replace( '$1', $this->formatNum( $size ), $text );
    }

    function formatSize( $size ) {
        return $this->formatComputingNumbers( $size, 1024, "size-$1bytes" );
    }

    function specialList( $page, $details, $oppositedm = true ) {
        if ( !$details ) {
            return $page;
        }

        $dirmark = ( $oppositedm ? $this->getDirMark( true ) : '' ) . $this->getDirMark();
        return
            $page .
            $dirmark .
            $this->msg( 'word-separator' )->escaped() .
            $this->msg( 'parentheses' )->rawParams( $details )->escaped();
    }

    public function viewPrevNext( Title $title, $offset, $limit,
        array $query = [], $atend = false
    ) {
        // @todo FIXME: Why on earth this needs one message for the text and another one for tooltip?

        # Make 'previous' link
        $prev = wfMessage( 'prevn' )->inLanguage( $this )->title( $title )->numParams( $limit )->text();
        if ( $offset > 0 ) {
            $plink = $this->numLink( $title, max( $offset - $limit, 0 ), $limit,
                $query, $prev, 'prevn-title', 'mw-prevlink' );
        } else {
            $plink = htmlspecialchars( $prev );
        }

        # Make 'next' link
        $next = wfMessage( 'nextn' )->inLanguage( $this )->title( $title )->numParams( $limit )->text();
        if ( $atend ) {
            $nlink = htmlspecialchars( $next );
        } else {
            $nlink = $this->numLink( $title, $offset + $limit, $limit,
                $query, $next, 'nextn-title', 'mw-nextlink' );
        }

        # Make links to set number of items per page
        $numLinks = [];
        foreach ( [ 20, 50, 100, 250, 500 ] as $num ) {
            $numLinks[] = $this->numLink( $title, $offset, $num,
                $query, $this->formatNum( $num ), 'shown-title', 'mw-numlink' );
        }

        return wfMessage( 'viewprevnext' )->inLanguage( $this )->title( $title
            )->rawParams( $plink, $nlink, $this->pipeList( $numLinks ) )->escaped();
    }

    private function numLink( Title $title, $offset, $limit, array $query, $link,
        $tooltipMsg, $class
    ) {
        $query = [ 'limit' => $limit, 'offset' => $offset ] + $query;
        $tooltip = wfMessage( $tooltipMsg )->inLanguage( $this )->title( $title )
            ->numParams( $limit )->text();

        return Html::element( 'a', [ 'href' => $title->getLocalURL( $query ),
            'title' => $tooltip, 'class' => $class ], $link );
    }

    public function getConvRuleTitle() {
        return $this->mConverter->getConvRuleTitle();
    }

    public function getCompiledPluralRules() {
        $pluralRules = self::$dataCache->getItem( strtolower( $this->mCode ), 'compiledPluralRules' );
        $fallbacks = Language::getFallbacksFor( $this->mCode );
        if ( !$pluralRules ) {
            foreach ( $fallbacks as $fallbackCode ) {
                $pluralRules = self::$dataCache->getItem( strtolower( $fallbackCode ), 'compiledPluralRules' );
                if ( $pluralRules ) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        return $pluralRules;
    }

    public function getPluralRules() {
        $pluralRules = self::$dataCache->getItem( strtolower( $this->mCode ), 'pluralRules' );
        $fallbacks = Language::getFallbacksFor( $this->mCode );
        if ( !$pluralRules ) {
            foreach ( $fallbacks as $fallbackCode ) {
                $pluralRules = self::$dataCache->getItem( strtolower( $fallbackCode ), 'pluralRules' );
                if ( $pluralRules ) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        return $pluralRules;
    }

    public function getPluralRuleTypes() {
        $pluralRuleTypes = self::$dataCache->getItem( strtolower( $this->mCode ), 'pluralRuleTypes' );
        $fallbacks = Language::getFallbacksFor( $this->mCode );
        if ( !$pluralRuleTypes ) {
            foreach ( $fallbacks as $fallbackCode ) {
                $pluralRuleTypes = self::$dataCache->getItem( strtolower( $fallbackCode ), 'pluralRuleTypes' );
                if ( $pluralRuleTypes ) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        return $pluralRuleTypes;
    }

    public function getPluralRuleIndexNumber( $number ) {
        $pluralRules = $this->getCompiledPluralRules();
        $form = Evaluator::evaluateCompiled( $number, $pluralRules );
        return $form;
    }

    public function getPluralRuleType( $number ) {
        $index = $this->getPluralRuleIndexNumber( $number );
        $pluralRuleTypes = $this->getPluralRuleTypes();
        if ( isset( $pluralRuleTypes[$index] ) ) {
            return $pluralRuleTypes[$index];
        } else {
            return 'other';
        }
    }
}