listVariants.php

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<?php
use MediaWiki\MediaWikiServices;

require_once dirname( __DIR__ ) . '/Maintenance.php';

class ListVariants extends Maintenance {

    public function __construct() {
        parent::__construct();
        $this->addDescription( 'Outputs a list of language variants' );
        $this->addOption( 'flat', 'Output variants in a flat list' );
        $this->addOption( 'json', 'Output variants as JSON' );
    }

    public function execute() {
        $variantLangs = [];
        $variants = [];
        foreach ( LanguageConverter::$languagesWithVariants as $langCode ) {
            $lang = MediaWikiServices::getInstance()->getLanguageFactory()->getLanguage( $langCode );
            if ( $lang->hasVariants() ) {
                $variants += array_flip( $lang->getVariants() );
                $variantLangs[$langCode] = $lang->getVariants();
            }
        }
        $variants = array_keys( $variants );
        sort( $variants );
        $result = $this->hasOption( 'flat' ) ? $variants : $variantLangs;

        // Not using $this->output() because muting makes no sense here
        if ( $this->hasOption( 'json' ) ) {
            echo FormatJson::encode( $result, true ) . "\n";
        } else {
            foreach ( $result as $key => $value ) {
                if ( is_array( $value ) ) {
                    echo "$key\n";
                    foreach ( $value as $variant ) {
                        echo "   $variant\n";
                    }
                } else {
                    echo "$value\n";
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

$maintClass = ListVariants::class;
require_once RUN_MAINTENANCE_IF_MAIN;