SQLPlatform.php

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<?php
namespace Wikimedia\Rdbms\Platform;
 
use InvalidArgumentException;
use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
use Psr\Log\NullLogger;
use RuntimeException;
use Throwable;
use Wikimedia\Assert\Assert;
use Wikimedia\Rdbms\Database\DbQuoter;
use Wikimedia\Rdbms\DatabaseDomain;
use Wikimedia\Rdbms\DBLanguageError;
use Wikimedia\Rdbms\IExpression;
use Wikimedia\Rdbms\LikeMatch;
use Wikimedia\Rdbms\LikeValue;
use Wikimedia\Rdbms\Query;
use Wikimedia\Rdbms\QueryBuilderFromRawSql;
use Wikimedia\Rdbms\RawSQLValue;
use Wikimedia\Rdbms\Subquery;
use Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp;
 
class SQLPlatform implements ISQLPlatform {
    protected $tableAliases = [];
    protected $indexAliases = [];
    protected $currentDomain;
    protected $schemaVars;
    protected $quoter;
    protected $logger;
    protected $errorLogger;
 
    public function __construct(
        DbQuoter $quoter,
        ?LoggerInterface $logger = null,
        ?DatabaseDomain $currentDomain = null,
        $errorLogger = null
 
    ) {
        $this->quoter = $quoter;
        $this->logger = $logger ?? new NullLogger();
        $this->currentDomain = $currentDomain ?: DatabaseDomain::newUnspecified();
        $this->errorLogger = $errorLogger ?? static function ( Throwable $e ) {
            trigger_error( get_class( $e ) . ': ' . $e->getMessage(), E_USER_WARNING );
        };
    }
 
    public function bitNot( $field ) {
        return "(~$field)";
    }
 
    public function bitAnd( $fieldLeft, $fieldRight ) {
        return "($fieldLeft & $fieldRight)";
    }
 
    public function bitOr( $fieldLeft, $fieldRight ) {
        return "($fieldLeft | $fieldRight)";
    }
 
    public function addIdentifierQuotes( $s ) {
        if ( strcspn( $s, "\0\"`'." ) !== strlen( $s ) ) {
            throw new DBLanguageError(
                "Identifier must not contain quote, dot or null characters: got '$s'"
            );
        }
        $quoteChar = $this->getIdentifierQuoteChar();
        return $quoteChar . $s . $quoteChar;
    }
 
    protected function getIdentifierQuoteChar() {
        return '"';
    }
 
    public function buildGreatest( $fields, $values ) {
        return $this->buildSuperlative( 'GREATEST', $fields, $values );
    }
 
    public function buildLeast( $fields, $values ) {
        return $this->buildSuperlative( 'LEAST', $fields, $values );
    }
 
    protected function buildSuperlative( $sqlfunc, $fields, $values ) {
        $fields = is_array( $fields ) ? $fields : [ $fields ];
        $values = is_array( $values ) ? $values : [ $values ];
 
        $encValues = [];
        foreach ( $fields as $alias => $field ) {
            if ( is_int( $alias ) ) {
                $encValues[] = $this->addIdentifierQuotes( $field );
            } else {
                $encValues[] = $field; // expression
            }
        }
        foreach ( $values as $value ) {
            if ( is_int( $value ) || is_float( $value ) ) {
                $encValues[] = $value;
            } elseif ( is_string( $value ) ) {
                $encValues[] = $this->quoter->addQuotes( $value );
            } elseif ( $value === null ) {
                throw new DBLanguageError( 'Null value in superlative' );
            } else {
                throw new DBLanguageError( 'Unexpected value type in superlative' );
            }
        }
 
        return $sqlfunc . '(' . implode( ',', $encValues ) . ')';
    }
 
    public function buildComparison( string $op, array $conds ): string {
        if ( !in_array( $op, [ '>', '>=', '<', '<=' ] ) ) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException( "Comparison operator must be one of '>', '>=', '<', '<='" );
        }
        if ( count( $conds ) === 0 ) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException( "Empty input" );
        }
 
        // Construct a condition string by starting with the least significant part of the index, and
        // adding more significant parts progressively to the left of the string.
        //
        // For example, given $conds = [ 'a' => 4, 'b' => 7, 'c' => 1 ], this will generate a condition
        // like this:
        //
        //   WHERE  a > 4
        //      OR (a = 4 AND (b > 7
        //                 OR (b = 7 AND (c > 1))))
        //
        // …which is equivalent to the following, which might be easier to understand:
        //
        //   WHERE a > 4
        //      OR a = 4 AND b > 7
        //      OR a = 4 AND b = 7 AND c > 1
        //
        // …and also equivalent to the following, using tuple comparison syntax, which is most intuitive
        // but apparently performs worse:
        //
        //   WHERE (a, b, c) > (4, 7, 1)
 
        $sql = '';
        foreach ( array_reverse( $conds ) as $field => $value ) {
            if ( is_int( $field ) ) {
                throw new InvalidArgumentException(
                    'Non-associative array passed to buildComparison() (typo?)'
                );
            }
            $encValue = $this->quoter->addQuotes( $value );
            if ( $sql === '' ) {
                $sql = "$field $op $encValue";
                // Change '>=' to '>' etc. for remaining fields, as the equality is handled separately
                $op = rtrim( $op, '=' );
            } else {
                $sql = "$field $op $encValue OR ($field = $encValue AND ($sql))";
            }
        }
        return $sql;
    }
 
    public function makeList( array $a, $mode = self::LIST_COMMA ) {
        $first = true;
        $list = '';
        $keyWarning = null;
 
        foreach ( $a as $field => $value ) {
            if ( $first ) {
                $first = false;
            } else {
                if ( $mode == self::LIST_AND ) {
                    $list .= ' AND ';
                } elseif ( $mode == self::LIST_OR ) {
                    $list .= ' OR ';
                } else {
                    $list .= ',';
                }
            }
 
            if ( ( $mode == self::LIST_AND || $mode == self::LIST_OR ) && is_numeric( $field ) ) {
                if ( $value instanceof IExpression ) {
                    $list .= "(" . $value->toSql( $this->quoter ) . ")";
                } elseif ( is_array( $value ) ) {
                    throw new InvalidArgumentException( __METHOD__ . ": unexpected array value without key" );
                } elseif ( $value instanceof RawSQLValue ) {
                    throw new InvalidArgumentException( __METHOD__ . ": unexpected raw value without key" );
                } else {
                    $list .= "($value)";
                }
            } elseif ( $value instanceof IExpression ) {
                if ( $mode == self::LIST_AND || $mode == self::LIST_OR ) {
                    throw new InvalidArgumentException( __METHOD__ . ": unexpected key $field for IExpression value" );
                } else {
                    throw new InvalidArgumentException( __METHOD__ . ": unexpected IExpression outside WHERE clause" );
                }
            } elseif ( $mode == self::LIST_SET && is_numeric( $field ) ) {
                $list .= "$value";
            } elseif (
                ( $mode == self::LIST_AND || $mode == self::LIST_OR ) && is_array( $value )
            ) {
                // Remove null from array to be handled separately if found
                $includeNull = false;
                foreach ( array_keys( $value, null, true ) as $nullKey ) {
                    $includeNull = true;
                    unset( $value[$nullKey] );
                }
                if ( count( $value ) == 0 && !$includeNull ) {
                    throw new InvalidArgumentException(
                        __METHOD__ . ": empty input for field $field" );
                } elseif ( count( $value ) == 0 ) {
                    // only check if $field is null
                    $list .= "$field IS NULL";
                } else {
                    // IN clause contains at least one valid element
                    if ( $includeNull ) {
                        // Group subconditions to ensure correct precedence
                        $list .= '(';
                    }
                    if ( count( $value ) == 1 ) {
                        // Special-case single values, as IN isn't terribly efficient
                        // (but call makeList() so that warnings are emitted if needed)
                        $list .= $field . " = " . $this->makeList( $value );
                    } else {
                        $list .= $field . " IN (" . $this->makeList( $value ) . ") ";
                    }
                    // if null present in array, append IS NULL
                    if ( $includeNull ) {
                        $list .= " OR $field IS NULL)";
                    }
                }
            } elseif ( is_array( $value ) ) {
                throw new InvalidArgumentException( __METHOD__ . ": unexpected nested array" );
            } elseif ( $value === null ) {
                if ( $mode == self::LIST_AND || $mode == self::LIST_OR ) {
                    $list .= "$field IS ";
                } elseif ( $mode == self::LIST_SET ) {
                    $list .= "$field = ";
                } elseif ( $mode === self::LIST_COMMA && !is_numeric( $field ) ) {
                    $keyWarning ??= [
                        __METHOD__ . ": array key {key} in list of values ignored",
                        [ 'key' => $field, 'exception' => new RuntimeException() ]
                    ];
                } elseif ( $mode === self::LIST_NAMES && !is_numeric( $field ) ) {
                    $keyWarning ??= [
                        __METHOD__ . ": array key {key} in list of fields ignored",
                        [ 'key' => $field, 'exception' => new RuntimeException() ]
                    ];
                }
                $list .= 'NULL';
            } else {
                if (
                    $mode == self::LIST_AND || $mode == self::LIST_OR || $mode == self::LIST_SET
                ) {
                    $list .= "$field = ";
                } elseif ( $mode === self::LIST_COMMA && !is_numeric( $field ) ) {
                    $keyWarning ??= [
                        __METHOD__ . ": array key {key} in list of values ignored",
                        [ 'key' => $field, 'exception' => new RuntimeException() ]
                    ];
                } elseif ( $mode === self::LIST_NAMES && !is_numeric( $field ) ) {
                    $keyWarning ??= [
                        __METHOD__ . ": array key {key} in list of fields ignored",
                        [ 'key' => $field, 'exception' => new RuntimeException() ]
                    ];
                }
                $list .= $mode == self::LIST_NAMES ? $value : $this->quoter->addQuotes( $value );
            }
        }
 
        if ( $keyWarning ) {
            // Only log one warning about this per function call, to reduce log spam when a dynamically
            // generated associative array is passed
            $this->logger->warning( ...$keyWarning );
        }
 
        return $list;
    }
 
    public function makeWhereFrom2d( $data, $baseKey, $subKey ) {
        $conds = [];
        foreach ( $data as $base => $sub ) {
            if ( count( $sub ) ) {
                $conds[] = $this->makeList(
                    [ $baseKey => $base, $subKey => array_map( 'strval', array_keys( $sub ) ) ],
                    self::LIST_AND
                );
            }
        }
 
        if ( !$conds ) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException( "Data for $baseKey and $subKey must be non-empty" );
        }
 
        return $this->makeList( $conds, self::LIST_OR );
    }
 
    public function factorConds( $condsArray ) {
        if ( count( $condsArray ) === 0 ) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException(
                __METHOD__ . ": empty condition array" );
        }
        $condsByFieldSet = [];
        foreach ( $condsArray as $conds ) {
            if ( !count( $conds ) ) {
                throw new InvalidArgumentException(
                    __METHOD__ . ": empty condition subarray" );
            }
            $fieldKey = implode( ',', array_keys( $conds ) );
            $condsByFieldSet[$fieldKey][] = $conds;
        }
        $result = '';
        foreach ( $condsByFieldSet as $conds ) {
            if ( $result !== '' ) {
                $result .= ' OR ';
            }
            $result .= $this->factorCondsWithCommonFields( $conds );
        }
        return $result;
    }
 
    private function factorCondsWithCommonFields( $condsArray ) {
        $first = $condsArray[array_key_first( $condsArray )];
        if ( count( $first ) === 1 ) {
            // IN clause
            $field = array_key_first( $first );
            $values = [];
            foreach ( $condsArray as $conds ) {
                $values[] = $conds[$field];
            }
            return $this->makeList( [ $field => $values ], self::LIST_AND );
        }
 
        $field1 = array_key_first( $first );
        $nullExpressions = [];
        $expressionsByField1 = [];
        foreach ( $condsArray as $conds ) {
            $value1 = $conds[$field1];
            unset( $conds[$field1] );
            if ( $value1 === null ) {
                $nullExpressions[] = $conds;
            } else {
                $expressionsByField1[$value1][] = $conds;
            }
 
        }
        $wrap = false;
        $result = '';
        foreach ( $expressionsByField1 as $value1 => $expressions ) {
            if ( $result !== '' ) {
                $result .= ' OR ';
                $wrap = true;
            }
            $factored = $this->factorCondsWithCommonFields( $expressions );
            $result .= "($field1 = " . $this->quoter->addQuotes( $value1 ) .
                " AND $factored)";
        }
        if ( count( $nullExpressions ) ) {
            $factored = $this->factorCondsWithCommonFields( $nullExpressions );
            if ( $result !== '' ) {
                $result .= ' OR ';
                $wrap = true;
            }
            $result .= "($field1 IS NULL AND $factored)";
        }
        if ( $wrap ) {
            return "($result)";
        } else {
            return $result;
        }
    }
 
    public function buildConcat( $stringList ) {
        return 'CONCAT(' . implode( ',', $stringList ) . ')';
    }
 
    public function limitResult( $sql, $limit, $offset = false ) {
        if ( !is_numeric( $limit ) ) {
            throw new DBLanguageError(
                "Invalid non-numeric limit passed to " . __METHOD__
            );
        }
        // This version works in MySQL and SQLite. It will very likely need to be
        // overridden for most other RDBMS subclasses.
        return "$sql LIMIT "
            . ( ( is_numeric( $offset ) && $offset != 0 ) ? "{$offset}," : "" )
            . "{$limit} ";
    }
 
    public function escapeLikeInternal( $s, $escapeChar = '`' ) {
        return str_replace(
            [ $escapeChar, '%', '_' ],
            [ "{$escapeChar}{$escapeChar}", "{$escapeChar}%", "{$escapeChar}_" ],
            $s
        );
    }
 
    public function buildLike( $param, ...$params ) {
        if ( is_array( $param ) ) {
            $params = $param;
            $param = array_shift( $params );
        }
        $likeValue = new LikeValue( $param, ...$params );
 
        return ' LIKE ' . $likeValue->toSql( $this->quoter );
    }
 
    public function anyChar() {
        return new LikeMatch( '_' );
    }
 
    public function anyString() {
        return new LikeMatch( '%' );
    }
 
    public function unionSupportsOrderAndLimit() {
        return true; // True for almost every DB supported
    }
 
    public function unionQueries( $sqls, $all, $options = [] ) {
        $glue = $all ? ') UNION ALL (' : ') UNION (';
 
        $sql = '(' . implode( $glue, $sqls ) . ')';
        if ( !$this->unionSupportsOrderAndLimit() ) {
            return $sql;
        }
        $sql .= $this->makeOrderBy( $options );
        $limit = $options['LIMIT'] ?? null;
        $offset = $options['OFFSET'] ?? false;
        if ( $limit !== null ) {
            $sql = $this->limitResult( $sql, $limit, $offset );
        }
 
        return $sql;
    }
 
    public function conditional( $cond, $caseTrueExpression, $caseFalseExpression ) {
        if ( is_array( $cond ) ) {
            $cond = $this->makeList( $cond, self::LIST_AND );
        }
        if ( $cond instanceof IExpression ) {
            $cond = $cond->toSql( $this->quoter );
        }
 
        return "(CASE WHEN $cond THEN $caseTrueExpression ELSE $caseFalseExpression END)";
    }
 
    public function strreplace( $orig, $old, $new ) {
        return "REPLACE({$orig}, {$old}, {$new})";
    }
 
    public function timestamp( $ts = 0 ) {
        $t = new ConvertibleTimestamp( $ts );
        // Let errors bubble up to avoid putting garbage in the DB
        return $t->getTimestamp( TS_MW );
    }
 
    public function timestampOrNull( $ts = null ) {
        if ( $ts === null ) {
            return null;
        } else {
            return $this->timestamp( $ts );
        }
    }
 
    public function getInfinity() {
        return 'infinity';
    }
 
    public function encodeExpiry( $expiry ) {
        return ( $expiry == '' || $expiry == 'infinity' || $expiry == $this->getInfinity() )
            ? $this->getInfinity()
            : $this->timestamp( $expiry );
    }
 
    public function decodeExpiry( $expiry, $format = TS_MW ) {
        if ( $expiry == '' || $expiry == 'infinity' || $expiry == $this->getInfinity() ) {
            return 'infinity';
        }
 
        return ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( $format, $expiry );
    }
 
    public function buildSubstring( $input, $startPosition, $length = null ) {
        $this->assertBuildSubstringParams( $startPosition, $length );
        $functionBody = "$input FROM $startPosition";
        if ( $length !== null ) {
            $functionBody .= " FOR $length";
        }
        return 'SUBSTRING(' . $functionBody . ')';
    }
 
    protected function assertBuildSubstringParams( $startPosition, $length ) {
        if ( $startPosition === 0 ) {
            // The DBMSs we support use 1-based indexing here.
            throw new InvalidArgumentException( 'Use 1 as $startPosition for the beginning of the string' );
        }
        if ( !is_int( $startPosition ) || $startPosition < 0 ) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException(
                '$startPosition must be a positive integer'
            );
        }
        if ( !( ( is_int( $length ) && $length >= 0 ) || $length === null ) ) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException(
                '$length must be null or an integer greater than or equal to 0'
            );
        }
    }
 
    public function buildStringCast( $field ) {
        // In theory this should work for any standards-compliant
        // SQL implementation, although it may not be the best way to do it.
        return "CAST( $field AS CHARACTER )";
    }
 
    public function buildIntegerCast( $field ) {
        return 'CAST( ' . $field . ' AS INTEGER )';
    }
 
    public function implicitOrderby() {
        return true;
    }
 
    public function indexName( $index ) {
        return $this->indexAliases[$index] ?? $index;
    }
 
    public function setTableAliases( array $aliases ) {
        $this->tableAliases = $aliases;
    }
 
    public function setIndexAliases( array $aliases ) {
        $this->indexAliases = $aliases;
    }
 
    public function getTableAliases() {
        return $this->tableAliases;
    }
 
    public function setPrefix( $prefix ) {
        $this->currentDomain = new DatabaseDomain(
            $this->currentDomain->getDatabase(),
            $this->currentDomain->getSchema(),
            $prefix
        );
    }
 
    public function setCurrentDomain( DatabaseDomain $currentDomain ) {
        $this->currentDomain = $currentDomain;
    }
 
    public function getCurrentDomain() {
        return $this->currentDomain;
    }
 
    public function selectSQLText(
        $tables, $vars, $conds = '', $fname = __METHOD__, $options = [], $join_conds = []
    ) {
        if ( !is_array( $tables ) ) {
            if ( $tables === '' || $tables === null || $tables === false ) {
                $tables = [];
            } elseif ( is_string( $tables ) ) {
                $tables = [ $tables ];
            } else {
                throw new DBLanguageError( __METHOD__ . ' called with incorrect table parameter' );
            }
        }
 
        if ( is_array( $vars ) ) {
            $fields = implode( ',', $this->fieldNamesWithAlias( $vars ) );
        } else {
            $fields = $vars;
        }
 
        $options = (array)$options;
 
        $useIndexByTable = $options['USE INDEX'] ?? [];
        if ( !is_array( $useIndexByTable ) ) {
            if ( count( $tables ) <= 1 ) {
                $useIndexByTable = [ reset( $tables ) => $useIndexByTable ];
            } else {
                $e = new DBLanguageError( __METHOD__ . " got ambiguous USE INDEX ($fname)" );
                ( $this->errorLogger )( $e );
            }
        }
 
        $ignoreIndexByTable = $options['IGNORE INDEX'] ?? [];
        if ( !is_array( $ignoreIndexByTable ) ) {
            if ( count( $tables ) <= 1 ) {
                $ignoreIndexByTable = [ reset( $tables ) => $ignoreIndexByTable ];
            } else {
                $e = new DBLanguageError( __METHOD__ . " got ambiguous IGNORE INDEX ($fname)" );
                ( $this->errorLogger )( $e );
            }
        }
 
        if (
            $this->selectOptionsIncludeLocking( $options ) &&
            $this->selectFieldsOrOptionsAggregate( $vars, $options )
        ) {
            // Some DB types (e.g. postgres) disallow FOR UPDATE with aggregate
            // functions. Discourage use of such queries to encourage compatibility.
            $this->logger->warning(
                __METHOD__ . ": aggregation used with a locking SELECT ($fname)"
            );
        }
 
        if ( count( $tables ) ) {
            $from = ' FROM ' . $this->tableNamesWithIndexClauseOrJOIN(
                $tables,
                $useIndexByTable,
                $ignoreIndexByTable,
                $join_conds
            );
        } else {
            $from = '';
        }
 
        [ $startOpts, $preLimitTail, $postLimitTail ] = $this->makeSelectOptions( $options );
 
        if ( is_array( $conds ) ) {
            $where = $this->makeList( $conds, self::LIST_AND );
        } elseif ( $conds instanceof IExpression ) {
            $where = $conds->toSql( $this->quoter );
        } elseif ( $conds === null || $conds === false ) {
            $where = '';
            $this->logger->warning(
                __METHOD__
                . ' called from '
                . $fname
                . ' with incorrect parameters: $conds must be a string or an array',
                [ 'db_log_category' => 'sql' ]
            );
        } elseif ( is_string( $conds ) ) {
            $where = $conds;
        } else {
            throw new DBLanguageError( __METHOD__ . ' called with incorrect parameters' );
        }
 
        // Keep historical extra spaces after FROM to avoid testing failures
        if ( $where === '' || $where === '*' ) {
            $sql = "SELECT $startOpts $fields $from   $preLimitTail";
        } else {
            $sql = "SELECT $startOpts $fields $from   WHERE $where $preLimitTail";
        }
 
        if ( isset( $options['LIMIT'] ) ) {
            $sql = $this->limitResult( $sql, $options['LIMIT'], $options['OFFSET'] ?? false );
        }
        $sql = "$sql $postLimitTail";
 
        if ( isset( $options['EXPLAIN'] ) ) {
            $sql = 'EXPLAIN ' . $sql;
        }
 
        if (
            $fname === static::CALLER_UNKNOWN ||
            str_starts_with( $fname, 'Wikimedia\\Rdbms\\' ) ||
            $fname === '{closure}'
        ) {
            $exception = new RuntimeException();
 
            // Try to figure out and report the real caller
            $caller = '';
            foreach ( $exception->getTrace() as $call ) {
                if ( str_ends_with( $call['file'] ?? '', 'Test.php' ) ) {
                    // Don't warn when called directly by test code, adding callers there is pointless
                    break;
                } elseif ( str_starts_with( $call['class'] ?? '', 'Wikimedia\\Rdbms\\' ) ) {
                    // Keep looking for the caller of a rdbms method
                } elseif ( str_ends_with( $call['class'] ?? '', 'SelectQueryBuilder' ) ) {
                    // Keep looking for the caller of any custom SelectQueryBuilder
                } else {
                    // Warn about the external caller we found
                    $caller = implode( '::', array_filter( [ $call['class'] ?? null, $call['function'] ] ) );
                    break;
                }
            }
 
            if ( $fname === '{closure}' ) {
                // Someone did ->caller( __METHOD__ ) in a local function, e.g. in a callback to
                // getWithSetCallback(), MWCallableUpdate or doAtomicSection(). That's not very helpful.
                // Provide a more specific message. The caller has to be provided like this:
                //   $method = __METHOD__;
                //   function ( ... ) use ( $method ) { ... }
                $warning = "SQL query with incorrect caller (__METHOD__ used inside a closure: {caller}): {sql}";
            } else {
                $warning = "SQL query did not specify the caller (guessed caller: {caller}): {sql}";
            }
 
            $this->logger->warning(
                $warning,
                [ 'sql' => $sql, 'caller' => $caller, 'exception' => $exception ]
            );
        }
 
        return $sql;
    }
 
    private function selectOptionsIncludeLocking( $options ) {
        $options = (array)$options;
        foreach ( [ 'FOR UPDATE', 'LOCK IN SHARE MODE' ] as $lock ) {
            if ( in_array( $lock, $options, true ) ) {
                return true;
            }
        }
 
        return false;
    }
 
    private function selectFieldsOrOptionsAggregate( $fields, $options ) {
        foreach ( (array)$options as $key => $value ) {
            if ( is_string( $key ) ) {
                if ( preg_match( '/^(?:GROUP BY|HAVING)$/i', $key ) ) {
                    return true;
                }
            } elseif ( is_string( $value ) ) {
                if ( preg_match( '/^(?:DISTINCT|DISTINCTROW)$/i', $value ) ) {
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }
 
        $regex = '/^(?:COUNT|MIN|MAX|SUM|GROUP_CONCAT|LISTAGG|ARRAY_AGG)\s*\\(/i';
        foreach ( (array)$fields as $field ) {
            if ( is_string( $field ) && preg_match( $regex, $field ) ) {
                return true;
            }
        }
 
        return false;
    }
 
    protected function fieldNamesWithAlias( $fields ) {
        $retval = [];
        foreach ( $fields as $alias => $field ) {
            if ( is_numeric( $alias ) ) {
                $alias = $field;
            }
            $retval[] = $this->fieldNameWithAlias( $field, $alias );
        }
 
        return $retval;
    }
 
    public function fieldNameWithAlias( $name, $alias = false ) {
        if ( !$alias || (string)$alias === (string)$name ) {
            return $name;
        } else {
            return $name . ' AS ' . $this->addIdentifierQuotes( $alias ); // PostgreSQL needs AS
        }
    }
 
    protected function tableNamesWithIndexClauseOrJOIN(
        $tables,
        $use_index = [],
        $ignore_index = [],
        $join_conds = []
    ) {
        $ret = [];
        $retJOIN = [];
        $use_index = (array)$use_index;
        $ignore_index = (array)$ignore_index;
        $join_conds = (array)$join_conds;
 
        foreach ( $tables as $alias => $table ) {
            if ( !is_string( $alias ) ) {
                // No alias? Set it equal to the table name
                $alias = $table;
            }
 
            if ( is_array( $table ) ) {
                // A parenthesized group
                if ( count( $table ) > 1 ) {
                    $joinedTable = '(' .
                        $this->tableNamesWithIndexClauseOrJOIN(
                            $table, $use_index, $ignore_index, $join_conds ) . ')';
                } else {
                    // Degenerate case
                    $innerTable = reset( $table );
                    $innerAlias = key( $table );
                    $joinedTable = $this->tableNameWithAlias(
                        $innerTable,
                        is_string( $innerAlias ) ? $innerAlias : $innerTable
                    );
                }
            } else {
                $joinedTable = $this->tableNameWithAlias( $table, $alias );
            }
 
            // Is there a JOIN clause for this table?
            if ( isset( $join_conds[$alias] ) ) {
                Assert::parameterType( 'array', $join_conds[$alias], "join_conds[$alias]" );
                [ $joinType, $conds ] = $join_conds[$alias];
                $tableClause = $this->normalizeJoinType( $joinType );
                $tableClause .= ' ' . $joinedTable;
                if ( isset( $use_index[$alias] ) ) { // has USE INDEX?
                    $use = $this->useIndexClause( implode( ',', (array)$use_index[$alias] ) );
                    if ( $use != '' ) {
                        $tableClause .= ' ' . $use;
                    }
                }
                if ( isset( $ignore_index[$alias] ) ) { // has IGNORE INDEX?
                    $ignore = $this->ignoreIndexClause(
                        implode( ',', (array)$ignore_index[$alias] ) );
                    if ( $ignore != '' ) {
                        $tableClause .= ' ' . $ignore;
                    }
                }
                $on = $this->makeList( (array)$conds, self::LIST_AND );
                if ( $on != '' ) {
                    $tableClause .= ' ON (' . $on . ')';
                }
 
                $retJOIN[] = $tableClause;
            } elseif ( isset( $use_index[$alias] ) ) {
                // Is there an INDEX clause for this table?
                $tableClause = $joinedTable;
                $tableClause .= ' ' . $this->useIndexClause(
                        implode( ',', (array)$use_index[$alias] )
                    );
 
                $ret[] = $tableClause;
            } elseif ( isset( $ignore_index[$alias] ) ) {
                // Is there an INDEX clause for this table?
                $tableClause = $joinedTable;
                $tableClause .= ' ' . $this->ignoreIndexClause(
                        implode( ',', (array)$ignore_index[$alias] )
                    );
 
                $ret[] = $tableClause;
            } else {
                $tableClause = $joinedTable;
 
                $ret[] = $tableClause;
            }
        }
 
        // We can't separate explicit JOIN clauses with ',', use ' ' for those
        $implicitJoins = implode( ',', $ret );
        $explicitJoins = implode( ' ', $retJOIN );
 
        // Compile our final table clause
        return implode( ' ', [ $implicitJoins, $explicitJoins ] );
    }
 
    protected function normalizeJoinType( string $joinType ) {
        switch ( strtoupper( $joinType ) ) {
            case 'JOIN':
            case 'INNER JOIN':
                return 'JOIN';
 
            case 'LEFT JOIN':
                return 'LEFT JOIN';
 
            case 'STRAIGHT_JOIN':
            case 'STRAIGHT JOIN':
                // MySQL only
                return 'JOIN';
 
            default:
                return $joinType;
        }
    }
 
    protected function tableNameWithAlias( $table, $alias = false ) {
        if ( is_string( $table ) ) {
            $quotedTable = $this->tableName( $table );
        } elseif ( $table instanceof Subquery ) {
            $quotedTable = (string)$table;
        } else {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException( "Table must be a string or Subquery" );
        }
 
        if ( $alias === false ) {
            if ( $table instanceof Subquery ) {
                throw new InvalidArgumentException( "Subquery table missing alias" );
            }
            $quotedTableWithAnyAlias = $quotedTable;
        } elseif (
            $alias === $table &&
            (
                str_contains( $alias, '.' ) ||
                $this->tableName( $alias, 'raw' ) === $table
            )
        ) {
            $quotedTableWithAnyAlias = $quotedTable;
        } else {
            $quotedTableWithAnyAlias = $quotedTable . ' ' . $this->addIdentifierQuotes( $alias );
        }
 
        return $quotedTableWithAnyAlias;
    }
 
    public function tableName( string $name, $format = 'quoted' ) {
        $prefix = $this->currentDomain->getTablePrefix();
 
        // Warn about table names that look qualified
        if (
            (
                str_contains( $name, '.' ) &&
                !preg_match( '/^information_schema\.[a-z_0-9]+$/', $name )
            ) ||
            ( $prefix !== '' && str_starts_with( $name, $prefix ) )
        ) {
            $this->logger->warning(
                __METHOD__ . ' called with qualified table ' . $name,
                [ 'db_log_category' => 'sql' ]
            );
        }
 
        // Extract necessary database, schema, table identifiers and quote them as needed
        $formattedComponents = [];
        foreach ( $this->qualifiedTableComponents( $name ) as $component ) {
            if ( $format === 'quoted' ) {
                $formattedComponents[] = $this->addIdentifierQuotes( $component );
            } else {
                $formattedComponents[] = $component;
            }
        }
 
        return implode( '.', $formattedComponents );
    }
 
    public function qualifiedTableComponents( $name ) {
        $identifiers = $this->extractTableNameComponents( $name );
        if ( count( $identifiers ) > 3 ) {
            throw new DBLanguageError( "Too many components in table name '$name'" );
        }
        // Table alias config and prefixes only apply to unquoted single-identifier names
        if ( count( $identifiers ) == 1 && !$this->isQuotedIdentifier( $identifiers[0] ) ) {
            [ $table ] = $identifiers;
            if ( isset( $this->tableAliases[$table] ) ) {
                // This is an "alias" table that uses a different db/schema/prefix scheme
                $database = $this->tableAliases[$table]['dbname'];
                $schema = is_string( $this->tableAliases[$table]['schema'] )
                    ? $this->tableAliases[$table]['schema']
                    : $this->relationSchemaQualifier();
                $prefix = is_string( $this->tableAliases[$table]['prefix'] )
                    ? $this->tableAliases[$table]['prefix']
                    : $this->currentDomain->getTablePrefix();
            } else {
                // Use the current database domain to resolve the schema and prefix
                $database = '';
                $schema = $this->relationSchemaQualifier();
                $prefix = $this->currentDomain->getTablePrefix();
            }
            $qualifierIdentifiers = [ $database, $schema ];
            $tableIdentifier = $prefix . $table;
        } else {
            $qualifierIdentifiers = array_slice( $identifiers, 0, -1 );
            $tableIdentifier = end( $identifiers );
        }
 
        $components = [];
        foreach ( $qualifierIdentifiers as $identifier ) {
            if ( $identifier !== null && $identifier !== '' ) {
                $components[] = $this->isQuotedIdentifier( $identifier )
                    ? substr( $identifier, 1, -1 )
                    : $identifier;
            }
        }
        $components[] = $this->isQuotedIdentifier( $tableIdentifier )
            ? substr( $tableIdentifier, 1, -1 )
            : $tableIdentifier;
 
        return $components;
    }
 
    public function extractTableNameComponents( string $name ) {
        $quoteChar = $this->getIdentifierQuoteChar();
        $components = [];
        foreach ( explode( '.', $name ) as $component ) {
            if ( $this->isQuotedIdentifier( $component ) ) {
                $unquotedComponent = substr( $component, 1, -1 );
            } else {
                $unquotedComponent = $component;
            }
            if ( str_contains( $unquotedComponent, $quoteChar ) ) {
                throw new DBLanguageError(
                    'Table name component contains unexpected quote or dot character' );
            }
            $components[] = $component;
        }
        return $components;
    }
 
    public function getDatabaseAndTableIdentifier( string $table ) {
        $components = $this->qualifiedTableComponents( $table );
        switch ( count( $components ) ) {
            case 1:
                return [ $this->currentDomain->getDatabase(), $components[0] ];
            case 2:
                return $components;
            default:
                throw new DBLanguageError( 'Too many table components' );
        }
    }
 
    protected function relationSchemaQualifier() {
        return $this->currentDomain->getSchema();
    }
 
    public function tableNamesN( ...$tables ) {
        $retVal = [];
 
        foreach ( $tables as $name ) {
            $retVal[] = $this->tableName( $name );
        }
 
        return $retVal;
    }
 
    public function isQuotedIdentifier( $name ) {
        $quoteChar = $this->getIdentifierQuoteChar();
        return strlen( $name ) > 1 && $name[0] === $quoteChar && $name[-1] === $quoteChar;
    }
 
    public function useIndexClause( $index ) {
        return '';
    }
 
    public function ignoreIndexClause( $index ) {
        return '';
    }
 
    protected function makeSelectOptions( array $options ) {
        $preLimitTail = $postLimitTail = '';
        $startOpts = '';
 
        $noKeyOptions = [];
 
        foreach ( $options as $key => $option ) {
            if ( is_numeric( $key ) ) {
                $noKeyOptions[$option] = true;
            }
        }
 
        $preLimitTail .= $this->makeGroupByWithHaving( $options );
 
        $preLimitTail .= $this->makeOrderBy( $options );
 
        if ( isset( $noKeyOptions['FOR UPDATE'] ) ) {
            $postLimitTail .= ' FOR UPDATE';
        }
 
        if ( isset( $noKeyOptions['LOCK IN SHARE MODE'] ) ) {
            $postLimitTail .= ' LOCK IN SHARE MODE';
        }
 
        if ( isset( $noKeyOptions['DISTINCT'] ) || isset( $noKeyOptions['DISTINCTROW'] ) ) {
            $startOpts .= 'DISTINCT';
        }
 
        # Various MySQL extensions
        if ( isset( $noKeyOptions['STRAIGHT_JOIN'] ) ) {
            $startOpts .= ' /*! STRAIGHT_JOIN */';
        }
 
        if ( isset( $noKeyOptions['SQL_BIG_RESULT'] ) ) {
            $startOpts .= ' SQL_BIG_RESULT';
        }
 
        if ( isset( $noKeyOptions['SQL_BUFFER_RESULT'] ) ) {
            $startOpts .= ' SQL_BUFFER_RESULT';
        }
 
        if ( isset( $noKeyOptions['SQL_SMALL_RESULT'] ) ) {
            $startOpts .= ' SQL_SMALL_RESULT';
        }
 
        if ( isset( $noKeyOptions['SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS'] ) ) {
            $startOpts .= ' SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS';
        }
 
        return [ $startOpts, $preLimitTail, $postLimitTail ];
    }
 
    protected function makeGroupByWithHaving( $options ) {
        $sql = '';
        if ( isset( $options['GROUP BY'] ) ) {
            $gb = is_array( $options['GROUP BY'] )
                ? implode( ',', $options['GROUP BY'] )
                : $options['GROUP BY'];
            $sql .= ' GROUP BY ' . $gb;
        }
        if ( isset( $options['HAVING'] ) ) {
            $having = is_array( $options['HAVING'] )
                ? $this->makeList( $options['HAVING'], self::LIST_AND )
                : $options['HAVING'];
            $sql .= ' HAVING ' . $having;
        }
 
        return $sql;
    }
 
    protected function makeOrderBy( $options ) {
        if ( isset( $options['ORDER BY'] ) ) {
            $ob = is_array( $options['ORDER BY'] )
                ? implode( ',', $options['ORDER BY'] )
                : $options['ORDER BY'];
 
            return ' ORDER BY ' . $ob;
        }
 
        return '';
    }
 
    public function buildGroupConcatField(
        $delim, $tables, $field, $conds = '', $join_conds = []
    ) {
        $fld = "GROUP_CONCAT($field SEPARATOR " . $this->quoter->addQuotes( $delim ) . ')';
 
        return '(' . $this->selectSQLText( $tables, $fld, $conds, static::CALLER_SUBQUERY, [], $join_conds ) . ')';
    }
 
    public function buildSelectSubquery(
        $tables, $vars, $conds = '', $fname = __METHOD__,
        $options = [], $join_conds = []
    ) {
        return new Subquery(
            $this->selectSQLText( $tables, $vars, $conds, $fname, $options, $join_conds )
        );
    }
 
    public function insertSqlText( $table, array $rows ) {
        $encTable = $this->tableName( $table );
        [ $sqlColumns, $sqlTuples ] = $this->makeInsertLists( $rows );
 
        return [
            "INSERT INTO $encTable ($sqlColumns) VALUES $sqlTuples",
            "INSERT INTO $encTable ($sqlColumns) VALUES '?'"
        ];
    }
 
    public function makeInsertLists( array $rows, $aliasPrefix = '', array $typeByColumn = [] ) {
        $firstRow = $rows[0];
        if ( !is_array( $firstRow ) || !$firstRow ) {
            throw new DBLanguageError( 'Got an empty row list or empty row' );
        }
        // List of columns that define the value tuple ordering
        $tupleColumns = array_keys( $firstRow );
 
        $valueTuples = [];
        foreach ( $rows as $row ) {
            $rowColumns = array_keys( $row );
            // VALUES(...) requires a uniform correspondence of (column => value)
            if ( $rowColumns !== $tupleColumns ) {
                throw new DBLanguageError(
                    'Got row columns (' . implode( ', ', $rowColumns ) . ') ' .
                    'instead of expected (' . implode( ', ', $tupleColumns ) . ')'
                );
            }
            // Make the value tuple that defines this row
            $valueTuples[] = '(' . $this->makeList( array_values( $row ), self::LIST_COMMA ) . ')';
        }
 
        $magicAliasFields = [];
        foreach ( $tupleColumns as $column ) {
            $magicAliasFields[] = $aliasPrefix . $column;
        }
 
        return [
            $this->makeList( $tupleColumns, self::LIST_NAMES ),
            implode( ',', $valueTuples ),
            $this->makeList( $magicAliasFields, self::LIST_NAMES )
        ];
    }
 
    public function insertNonConflictingSqlText( $table, array $rows ) {
        $encTable = $this->tableName( $table );
        [ $sqlColumns, $sqlTuples ] = $this->makeInsertLists( $rows );
        [ $sqlVerb, $sqlOpts ] = $this->makeInsertNonConflictingVerbAndOptions();
 
        return [
            rtrim( "$sqlVerb $encTable ($sqlColumns) VALUES $sqlTuples $sqlOpts" ),
            rtrim( "$sqlVerb $encTable ($sqlColumns) VALUES '?' $sqlOpts" )
        ];
    }
 
    protected function makeInsertNonConflictingVerbAndOptions() {
        return [ 'INSERT IGNORE INTO', '' ];
    }
 
    public function insertSelectNativeSqlText(
        $destTable,
        $srcTable,
        array $varMap,
        $conds,
        $fname,
        array $insertOptions,
        array $selectOptions,
        $selectJoinConds
    ) {
        [ $sqlVerb, $sqlOpts ] = $this->isFlagInOptions( 'IGNORE', $insertOptions )
            ? $this->makeInsertNonConflictingVerbAndOptions()
            : [ 'INSERT INTO', '' ];
        $encDstTable = $this->tableName( $destTable );
        $sqlDstColumns = implode( ',', array_keys( $varMap ) );
        $selectSql = $this->selectSQLText(
            $srcTable,
            array_values( $varMap ),
            $conds,
            $fname,
            $selectOptions,
            $selectJoinConds
        );
 
        return rtrim( "$sqlVerb $encDstTable ($sqlDstColumns) $selectSql $sqlOpts" );
    }
 
    public function isFlagInOptions( $option, array $options ) {
        foreach ( array_keys( $options, $option, true ) as $k ) {
            if ( is_int( $k ) ) {
                return true;
            }
        }
 
        return false;
    }
 
    public function makeKeyCollisionCondition( array $rows, array $uniqueKey ) {
        if ( !$rows ) {
            throw new DBLanguageError( "Empty row array" );
        } elseif ( !$uniqueKey ) {
            throw new DBLanguageError( "Empty unique key array" );
        }
 
        if ( count( $uniqueKey ) == 1 ) {
            // Use a simple IN(...) clause
            $column = reset( $uniqueKey );
            $values = array_column( $rows, $column );
            if ( count( $values ) !== count( $rows ) ) {
                throw new DBLanguageError( "Missing values for unique key ($column)" );
            }
 
            return $this->makeList( [ $column => $values ], self::LIST_AND );
        }
 
        $nullByUniqueKeyColumn = array_fill_keys( $uniqueKey, null );
 
        $orConds = [];
        foreach ( $rows as $row ) {
            $rowKeyMap = array_intersect_key( $row, $nullByUniqueKeyColumn );
            if ( count( $rowKeyMap ) != count( $uniqueKey ) ) {
                throw new DBLanguageError(
                    "Missing values for unique key (" . implode( ',', $uniqueKey ) . ")"
                );
            }
            $orConds[] = $this->makeList( $rowKeyMap, self::LIST_AND );
        }
 
        return count( $orConds ) > 1
            ? $this->makeList( $orConds, self::LIST_OR )
            : $orConds[0];
    }
 
    public function deleteJoinSqlText( $delTable, $joinTable, $delVar, $joinVar, $conds ) {
        if ( !$conds ) {
            throw new DBLanguageError( __METHOD__ . ' called with empty $conds' );
        }
 
        $delTable = $this->tableName( $delTable );
        $joinTable = $this->tableName( $joinTable );
        $sql = "DELETE FROM $delTable WHERE $delVar IN (SELECT $joinVar FROM $joinTable ";
        if ( $conds != '*' ) {
            $sql .= 'WHERE ' . $this->makeList( $conds, self::LIST_AND );
        }
        $sql .= ')';
 
        return $sql;
    }
 
    public function deleteSqlText( $table, $conds ) {
        $isCondValid = ( is_string( $conds ) || is_array( $conds ) ) && $conds;
        if ( !$isCondValid ) {
            throw new DBLanguageError( __METHOD__ . ' called with empty conditions' );
        }
 
        $encTable = $this->tableName( $table );
        $sql = "DELETE FROM $encTable";
 
        $condsSql = '';
        $cleanCondsSql = '';
        if ( $conds !== self::ALL_ROWS && $conds !== [ self::ALL_ROWS ] ) {
            $cleanCondsSql = ' WHERE ' . $this->scrubArray( $conds );
            if ( is_array( $conds ) ) {
                $conds = $this->makeList( $conds, self::LIST_AND );
            }
            $condsSql .= ' WHERE ' . $conds;
        }
        return new Query(
            $sql . $condsSql,
            self::QUERY_CHANGE_ROWS,
            'DELETE',
            $table,
            $sql . $cleanCondsSql
        );
    }
 
    private function scrubArray( $array, $listType = self::LIST_AND ) {
        if ( is_array( $array ) ) {
            $scrubbedArray = [];
            foreach ( $array as $key => $value ) {
                if ( $value instanceof IExpression ) {
                    $scrubbedArray[$key] = $value->toGeneralizedSql();
                } else {
                    $scrubbedArray[$key] = '?';
                }
            }
            return $this->makeList( $scrubbedArray, $listType );
        }
        return '?';
    }
 
    public function updateSqlText( $table, $set, $conds, $options ) {
        $isCondValid = ( is_string( $conds ) || is_array( $conds ) ) && $conds;
        if ( !$isCondValid ) {
            throw new DBLanguageError( __METHOD__ . ' called with empty conditions' );
        }
        $encTable = $this->tableName( $table );
        $opts = $this->makeUpdateOptions( $options );
        $sql = "UPDATE $opts $encTable";
        $condsSql = " SET " . $this->makeList( $set, self::LIST_SET );
        $cleanCondsSql = " SET " . $this->scrubArray( $set, self::LIST_SET );
 
        if ( $conds && $conds !== self::ALL_ROWS && $conds !== [ self::ALL_ROWS ] ) {
            $cleanCondsSql .= ' WHERE ' . $this->scrubArray( $conds );
            if ( is_array( $conds ) ) {
                $conds = $this->makeList( $conds, self::LIST_AND );
            }
            $condsSql .= ' WHERE ' . $conds;
        }
        return new Query(
            $sql . $condsSql,
            self::QUERY_CHANGE_ROWS,
            'UPDATE',
            $table,
            $sql . $cleanCondsSql
        );
    }
 
    protected function makeUpdateOptions( $options ) {
        $opts = $this->makeUpdateOptionsArray( $options );
 
        return implode( ' ', $opts );
    }
 
    protected function makeUpdateOptionsArray( $options ) {
        $options = $this->normalizeOptions( $options );
 
        $opts = [];
 
        if ( in_array( 'IGNORE', $options ) ) {
            $opts[] = 'IGNORE';
        }
 
        return $opts;
    }
 
    final public function normalizeOptions( $options ) {
        if ( is_array( $options ) ) {
            return $options;
        } elseif ( is_string( $options ) ) {
            return ( $options === '' ) ? [] : [ $options ];
        } else {
            throw new DBLanguageError( __METHOD__ . ': expected string or array' );
        }
    }
 
    public function dropTableSqlText( $table ) {
        // https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-table/
        // https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/drop-table.html
        // https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.2/sql-truncate.html
        return "DROP TABLE " . $this->tableName( $table ) . " CASCADE";
    }
 
    public function getQueryVerb( $sql ) {
        wfDeprecated( __METHOD__, '1.42' );
        return QueryBuilderFromRawSql::buildQuery( $sql, 0 )->getVerb();
    }
 
    public function isTransactableQuery( Query $sql ) {
        return !in_array(
            $sql->getVerb(),
            [
                'BEGIN',
                'ROLLBACK',
                'ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT',
                'COMMIT',
                'SET',
                'SHOW',
                'CREATE',
                'ALTER',
                'USE',
                'SHOW'
            ],
            true
        );
    }
 
    public function buildExcludedValue( $column ) {
        /* @see Database::upsert() */
        // This can be treated like a single value since __VALS is a single row table
        return "(SELECT __$column FROM __VALS)";
    }
 
    public function savepointSqlText( $identifier ) {
        return 'SAVEPOINT ' . $this->addIdentifierQuotes( $identifier );
    }
 
    public function releaseSavepointSqlText( $identifier ) {
        return 'RELEASE SAVEPOINT ' . $this->addIdentifierQuotes( $identifier );
    }
 
    public function rollbackToSavepointSqlText( $identifier ) {
        return 'ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT ' . $this->addIdentifierQuotes( $identifier );
    }
 
    public function rollbackSqlText() {
        return 'ROLLBACK';
    }
 
    public function dispatchingInsertSqlText( $table, $rows, $options ) {
        $rows = $this->normalizeRowArray( $rows );
        if ( !$rows ) {
            return false;
        }
 
        $options = $this->normalizeOptions( $options );
        if ( $this->isFlagInOptions( 'IGNORE', $options ) ) {
            [ $sql, $cleanSql ] = $this->insertNonConflictingSqlText( $table, $rows );
        } else {
            [ $sql, $cleanSql ] = $this->insertSqlText( $table, $rows );
        }
        return new Query( $sql, self::QUERY_CHANGE_ROWS, 'INSERT', $table, $cleanSql );
    }
 
    final protected function normalizeRowArray( array $rowOrRows ) {
        if ( !$rowOrRows ) {
            $rows = [];
        } elseif ( isset( $rowOrRows[0] ) ) {
            $rows = $rowOrRows;
        } else {
            $rows = [ $rowOrRows ];
        }
 
        foreach ( $rows as $row ) {
            if ( !is_array( $row ) ) {
                throw new DBLanguageError( "Got non-array in row array" );
            } elseif ( !$row ) {
                throw new DBLanguageError( "Got empty array in row array" );
            }
        }
 
        return $rows;
    }
 
    final public function normalizeUpsertParams( $uniqueKeys, &$rows ) {
        $rows = $this->normalizeRowArray( $rows );
        if ( !$uniqueKeys ) {
            throw new DBLanguageError( 'No unique key specified for upsert/replace' );
        }
        $uniqueKey = $this->normalizeUpsertKeys( $uniqueKeys );
        $this->assertValidUpsertRowArray( $rows, $uniqueKey );
 
        return $uniqueKey;
    }
 
    final public function normalizeConditions( $conds, $fname ) {
        if ( $conds === null || $conds === false ) {
            $this->logger->warning(
                __METHOD__
                . ' called from '
                . $fname
                . ' with incorrect parameters: $conds must be a string or an array',
                [ 'db_log_category' => 'sql' ]
            );
            return [];
        } elseif ( $conds === '' ) {
            return [];
        }
 
        return is_array( $conds ) ? $conds : [ $conds ];
    }
 
    private function normalizeUpsertKeys( $uniqueKeys ) {
        if ( is_string( $uniqueKeys ) ) {
            return [ $uniqueKeys ];
        } elseif ( !is_array( $uniqueKeys ) ) {
            throw new DBLanguageError( 'Invalid unique key array' );
        } else {
            if ( count( $uniqueKeys ) !== 1 || !isset( $uniqueKeys[0] ) ) {
                throw new DBLanguageError(
                    "The unique key array should contain a single unique index" );
            }
 
            $uniqueKey = $uniqueKeys[0];
            if ( is_string( $uniqueKey ) ) {
                // Passing a list of strings for single-column unique keys is too
                // easily confused with passing the columns of composite unique key
                $this->logger->warning( __METHOD__ .
                    " called with deprecated parameter style: " .
                    "the unique key array should be a string or array of string arrays",
                    [
                        'exception' => new RuntimeException(),
                        'db_log_category' => 'sql',
                    ] );
                return $uniqueKeys;
            } elseif ( is_array( $uniqueKey ) ) {
                return $uniqueKey;
            } else {
                throw new DBLanguageError( 'Invalid unique key array entry' );
            }
        }
    }
 
    final protected function assertValidUpsertRowArray( array $rows, array $uniqueKey ) {
        foreach ( $rows as $row ) {
            foreach ( $uniqueKey as $column ) {
                if ( !isset( $row[$column] ) ) {
                    throw new DBLanguageError(
                        "NULL/absent values for unique key (" . implode( ',', $uniqueKey ) . ")"
                    );
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    final public function assertValidUpsertSetArray(
        array $set,
        array $uniqueKey,
        array $rows
    ) {
        if ( !$set ) {
            throw new DBLanguageError( "Update assignment list can't be empty for upsert" );
        }
 
        // Sloppy callers might construct the SET array using the ROW array, leaving redundant
        // column definitions for unique key columns. Detect this for backwards compatibility.
        $soleRow = ( count( $rows ) == 1 ) ? reset( $rows ) : null;
        // Disallow value changes for any columns in the unique key. This avoids additional
        // insertion order dependencies that are unwieldy and difficult to implement efficiently
        // in PostgreSQL.
        foreach ( $set as $k => $v ) {
            if ( is_string( $k ) ) {
                // Key is a column name and value is a literal (e.g. string, int, null, ...)
                if ( in_array( $k, $uniqueKey, true ) ) {
                    if ( $soleRow && array_key_exists( $k, $soleRow ) && $soleRow[$k] === $v ) {
                        $this->logger->warning(
                            __METHOD__ . " called with redundant assignment to column '$k'",
                            [
                                'exception' => new RuntimeException(),
                                'db_log_category' => 'sql',
                            ]
                        );
                    } else {
                        throw new DBLanguageError(
                            "Cannot reassign column '$k' since it belongs to the provided unique key"
                        );
                    }
                }
            } elseif ( preg_match( '/^([a-zA-Z0-9_]+)\s*=/', $v, $m ) ) {
                // Value is of the form "<unquoted alphanumeric column> = <SQL expression>"
                if ( in_array( $m[1], $uniqueKey, true ) ) {
                    throw new DBLanguageError(
                        "Cannot reassign column '{$m[1]}' since it belongs to the provided unique key"
                    );
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    final public function extractSingleFieldFromList( $var ) {
        if ( is_array( $var ) ) {
            if ( !$var ) {
                $column = null;
            } elseif ( count( $var ) == 1 ) {
                $column = $var[0] ?? reset( $var );
            } else {
                throw new DBLanguageError( __METHOD__ . ': got multiple columns' );
            }
        } else {
            $column = $var;
        }
 
        return $column;
    }
 
    public function setSchemaVars( $vars ) {
        $this->schemaVars = is_array( $vars ) ? $vars : null;
    }
 
    protected function getSchemaVars() {
        return $this->schemaVars ?? $this->getDefaultSchemaVars();
    }
 
    protected function getDefaultSchemaVars() {
        return [];
    }
 
    public function replaceVars( $ins ) {
        $vars = $this->getSchemaVars();
        return preg_replace_callback(
            '!
                /\* (\$wgDBprefix|[_i]) \*/ (\w*) | # 1-2. tableName, indexName
                \'\{\$ (\w+) }\'                  | # 3. addQuotes
                `\{\$ (\w+) }`                    | # 4. addIdentifierQuotes
                /\*\$ (\w+) \*/                     # 5. leave unencoded
            !x',
            function ( $m ) use ( $vars ) {
                // Note: Because of <https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=51881>,
                // check for both nonexistent keys *and* the empty string.
                if ( isset( $m[1] ) && $m[1] !== '' ) {
                    if ( $m[1] === 'i' ) {
                        return $this->indexName( $m[2] );
                    } else {
                        return $this->tableName( $m[2] );
                    }
                } elseif ( isset( $m[3] ) && $m[3] !== '' && array_key_exists( $m[3], $vars ) ) {
                    return $this->quoter->addQuotes( $vars[$m[3]] );
                } elseif ( isset( $m[4] ) && $m[4] !== '' && array_key_exists( $m[4], $vars ) ) {
                    return $this->addIdentifierQuotes( $vars[$m[4]] );
                } elseif ( isset( $m[5] ) && $m[5] !== '' && array_key_exists( $m[5], $vars ) ) {
                    return $vars[$m[5]];
                } else {
                    return $m[0];
                }
            },
            $ins
        );
    }
 
    public function lockSQLText( $lockName, $timeout ) {
        throw new RuntimeException( 'locking must be implemented in subclasses' );
    }
 
    public function lockIsFreeSQLText( $lockName ) {
        throw new RuntimeException( 'locking must be implemented in subclasses' );
    }
 
    public function unlockSQLText( $lockName ) {
        throw new RuntimeException( 'locking must be implemented in subclasses' );
    }
}