SwiftFileBackend.php

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<?php
namespace Wikimedia\FileBackend;
 
use Exception;
use LockManager;
use MapCacheLRU;
use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
use Shellbox\Command\BoxedCommand;
use StatusValue;
use stdClass;
use Wikimedia\AtEase\AtEase;
use Wikimedia\FileBackend\FileIteration\SwiftFileBackendDirList;
use Wikimedia\FileBackend\FileIteration\SwiftFileBackendFileList;
use Wikimedia\FileBackend\FileOpHandle\SwiftFileOpHandle;
use Wikimedia\Http\MultiHttpClient;
use Wikimedia\ObjectCache\BagOStuff;
use Wikimedia\ObjectCache\EmptyBagOStuff;
use Wikimedia\ObjectCache\WANObjectCache;
use Wikimedia\RequestTimeout\TimeoutException;
use Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp;
 
class SwiftFileBackend extends FileBackendStore {
    private const DEFAULT_HTTP_OPTIONS = [ 'httpVersion' => 'v1.1' ];
    private const AUTH_FAILURE_ERROR = 'Could not connect due to prior authentication failure';
 
    protected $http;
    protected $authTTL;
    protected $swiftAuthUrl;
    protected $swiftStorageUrl;
    protected $swiftUser;
    protected $swiftKey;
    protected $swiftTempUrlKey;
    protected $canShellboxGetTempUrl;
    protected $shellboxIpRange;
    protected $rgwS3AccessKey;
    protected $rgwS3SecretKey;
    protected $readUsers;
    protected $writeUsers;
    protected $secureReadUsers;
    protected $secureWriteUsers;
 
    protected $srvCache;
 
    protected $containerStatCache;
 
    protected $authCreds;
    protected $authErrorTimestamp = null;
 
    protected $isRGW = false;
 
    public function __construct( array $config ) {
        parent::__construct( $config );
        // Required settings
        $this->swiftAuthUrl = $config['swiftAuthUrl'];
        $this->swiftUser = $config['swiftUser'];
        $this->swiftKey = $config['swiftKey'];
        // Optional settings
        $this->authTTL = $config['swiftAuthTTL'] ?? 15 * 60; // some sensible number
        $this->swiftTempUrlKey = $config['swiftTempUrlKey'] ?? '';
        $this->canShellboxGetTempUrl = $config['canShellboxGetTempUrl'] ?? false;
        $this->shellboxIpRange = $config['shellboxIpRange'] ?? null;
        $this->swiftStorageUrl = $config['swiftStorageUrl'] ?? null;
        $this->shardViaHashLevels = $config['shardViaHashLevels'] ?? '';
        $this->rgwS3AccessKey = $config['rgwS3AccessKey'] ?? '';
        $this->rgwS3SecretKey = $config['rgwS3SecretKey'] ?? '';
 
        // HTTP helper client
        $httpOptions = [];
        foreach ( [ 'connTimeout', 'reqTimeout' ] as $optionName ) {
            if ( isset( $config[$optionName] ) ) {
                $httpOptions[$optionName] = $config[$optionName];
            }
        }
        $this->http = new MultiHttpClient( $httpOptions );
        $this->http->setLogger( $this->logger );
 
        // Cache container information to mask latency
        if ( isset( $config['wanCache'] ) && $config['wanCache'] instanceof WANObjectCache ) {
            $this->memCache = $config['wanCache'];
        }
        // Process cache for container info
        $this->containerStatCache = new MapCacheLRU( 300 );
        // Cache auth token information to avoid RTTs
        if ( !empty( $config['cacheAuthInfo'] ) && isset( $config['srvCache'] ) ) {
            $this->srvCache = $config['srvCache'];
        } else {
            $this->srvCache = new EmptyBagOStuff();
        }
        $this->readUsers = $config['readUsers'] ?? [];
        $this->writeUsers = $config['writeUsers'] ?? [];
        $this->secureReadUsers = $config['secureReadUsers'] ?? [];
        $this->secureWriteUsers = $config['secureWriteUsers'] ?? [];
        // Per https://docs.openstack.org/swift/latest/overview_large_objects.html
        // we need to split objects if they are larger than 5 GB. Support for
        // splitting objects has not yet been implemented by this class
        // so limit max file size to 5GiB.
        $this->maxFileSize = 5 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
    }
 
    public function setLogger( LoggerInterface $logger ) {
        parent::setLogger( $logger );
        $this->http->setLogger( $logger );
    }
 
    public function getFeatures() {
        return (
            self::ATTR_UNICODE_PATHS |
            self::ATTR_HEADERS |
            self::ATTR_METADATA
        );
    }
 
    protected function resolveContainerPath( $container, $relStoragePath ) {
        if ( !mb_check_encoding( $relStoragePath, 'UTF-8' ) ) {
            return null; // not UTF-8, makes it hard to use CF and the swift HTTP API
        } elseif ( strlen( rawurlencode( $relStoragePath ) ) > 1024 ) {
            return null; // too long for Swift
        }
 
        return $relStoragePath;
    }
 
    public function isPathUsableInternal( $storagePath ) {
        [ $container, $rel ] = $this->resolveStoragePathReal( $storagePath );
        if ( $rel === null ) {
            return false; // invalid
        }
 
        return is_array( $this->getContainerStat( $container ) );
    }
 
    protected function extractMutableContentHeaders( array $headers ) {
        $contentHeaders = [];
        // Normalize casing, and strip out illegal headers
        foreach ( $headers as $name => $value ) {
            $name = strtolower( $name );
            if ( $name === 'x-delete-at' && is_numeric( $value ) ) {
                // Expects a Unix Epoch date
                $contentHeaders[$name] = $value;
            } elseif ( $name === 'x-delete-after' && is_numeric( $value ) ) {
                // Expects number of minutes time to live.
                $contentHeaders[$name] = $value;
            } elseif ( preg_match( '/^(x-)?content-(?!length$)/', $name ) ) {
                // Only allow content-* and x-content-* headers (but not content-length)
                $contentHeaders[$name] = $value;
            } elseif ( $name === 'content-type' && $value !== '' ) {
                // This header can be set to a value but not unset
                $contentHeaders[$name] = $value;
            }
        }
        // By default, Swift has annoyingly low maximum header value limits
        if ( isset( $contentHeaders['content-disposition'] ) ) {
            $maxLength = 255;
            // @note: assume FileBackend::makeContentDisposition() already used
            $offset = $maxLength - strlen( $contentHeaders['content-disposition'] );
            if ( $offset < 0 ) {
                $pos = strrpos( $contentHeaders['content-disposition'], ';', $offset );
                $contentHeaders['content-disposition'] = $pos === false
                    ? ''
                    : trim( substr( $contentHeaders['content-disposition'], 0, $pos ) );
            }
        }
 
        return $contentHeaders;
    }
 
    protected function extractMetadataHeaders( array $headers ) {
        $metadataHeaders = [];
        foreach ( $headers as $name => $value ) {
            $name = strtolower( $name );
            if ( strpos( $name, 'x-object-meta-' ) === 0 ) {
                $metadataHeaders[$name] = $value;
            }
        }
 
        return $metadataHeaders;
    }
 
    protected function getMetadataFromHeaders( array $headers ) {
        $prefixLen = strlen( 'x-object-meta-' );
 
        $metadata = [];
        foreach ( $this->extractMetadataHeaders( $headers ) as $name => $value ) {
            $metadata[substr( $name, $prefixLen )] = $value;
        }
 
        return $metadata;
    }
 
    protected function doCreateInternal( array $params ) {
        $status = $this->newStatus();
 
        [ $dstCont, $dstRel ] = $this->resolveStoragePathReal( $params['dst'] );
        if ( $dstRel === null ) {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-invalidpath', $params['dst'] );
 
            return $status;
        }
 
        // Headers that are not strictly a function of the file content
        $mutableHeaders = $this->extractMutableContentHeaders( $params['headers'] ?? [] );
        // Make sure that the "content-type" header is set to something sensible
        $mutableHeaders['content-type']
            ??= $this->getContentType( $params['dst'], $params['content'], null );
 
        $reqs = [ [
            'method' => 'PUT',
            'container' => $dstCont,
            'relPath' => $dstRel,
            'headers' => array_merge(
                $mutableHeaders,
                [
                    'etag' => md5( $params['content'] ),
                    'content-length' => strlen( $params['content'] ),
                    'x-object-meta-sha1base36' =>
                        \Wikimedia\base_convert( sha1( $params['content'] ), 16, 36, 31 )
                ]
            ),
            'body' => $params['content']
        ] ];
 
        $method = __METHOD__;
        $handler = function ( array $request, StatusValue $status ) use ( $method, $params ) {
            [ $rcode, $rdesc, , $rbody, $rerr ] = $request['response'];
            if ( $rcode === 201 || $rcode === 202 ) {
                // good
            } elseif ( $rcode === 412 ) {
                $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-contenttype', $params['dst'] );
            } else {
                $this->onError( $status, $method, $params, $rerr, $rcode, $rdesc, $rbody );
            }
 
            return SwiftFileOpHandle::CONTINUE_IF_OK;
        };
 
        $opHandle = new SwiftFileOpHandle( $this, $handler, $reqs );
        if ( !empty( $params['async'] ) ) { // deferred
            $status->value = $opHandle;
        } else { // actually write the object in Swift
            $status->merge( current( $this->executeOpHandlesInternal( [ $opHandle ] ) ) );
        }
 
        return $status;
    }
 
    protected function doStoreInternal( array $params ) {
        $status = $this->newStatus();
 
        [ $dstCont, $dstRel ] = $this->resolveStoragePathReal( $params['dst'] );
        if ( $dstRel === null ) {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-invalidpath', $params['dst'] );
 
            return $status;
        }
 
        // Open a handle to the source file so that it can be streamed. The size and hash
        // will be computed using the handle. In the off chance that the source file changes
        // during this operation, the PUT will fail due to an ETag mismatch and be aborted.
        AtEase::suppressWarnings();
        $srcHandle = fopen( $params['src'], 'rb' );
        AtEase::restoreWarnings();
        if ( $srcHandle === false ) { // source doesn't exist?
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-notexists', $params['src'] );
 
            return $status;
        }
 
        // Compute the MD5 and SHA-1 hashes in one pass
        $srcSize = fstat( $srcHandle )['size'];
        $md5Context = hash_init( 'md5' );
        $sha1Context = hash_init( 'sha1' );
        $hashDigestSize = 0;
        while ( !feof( $srcHandle ) ) {
            $buffer = (string)fread( $srcHandle, 131_072 ); // 128 KiB
            hash_update( $md5Context, $buffer );
            hash_update( $sha1Context, $buffer );
            $hashDigestSize += strlen( $buffer );
        }
        // Reset the handle back to the beginning so that it can be streamed
        rewind( $srcHandle );
 
        if ( $hashDigestSize !== $srcSize ) {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-hash', $params['src'] );
 
            return $status;
        }
 
        // Headers that are not strictly a function of the file content
        $mutableHeaders = $this->extractMutableContentHeaders( $params['headers'] ?? [] );
        // Make sure that the "content-type" header is set to something sensible
        $mutableHeaders['content-type']
            ??= $this->getContentType( $params['dst'], null, $params['src'] );
 
        $reqs = [ [
            'method' => 'PUT',
            'container' => $dstCont,
            'relPath' => $dstRel,
            'headers' => array_merge(
                $mutableHeaders,
                [
                    'content-length' => $srcSize,
                    'etag' => hash_final( $md5Context ),
                    'x-object-meta-sha1base36' =>
                        \Wikimedia\base_convert( hash_final( $sha1Context ), 16, 36, 31 )
                ]
            ),
            'body' => $srcHandle // resource
        ] ];
 
        $method = __METHOD__;
        $handler = function ( array $request, StatusValue $status ) use ( $method, $params ) {
            [ $rcode, $rdesc, , $rbody, $rerr ] = $request['response'];
            if ( $rcode === 201 || $rcode === 202 ) {
                // good
            } elseif ( $rcode === 412 ) {
                $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-contenttype', $params['dst'] );
            } else {
                $this->onError( $status, $method, $params, $rerr, $rcode, $rdesc, $rbody );
            }
 
            return SwiftFileOpHandle::CONTINUE_IF_OK;
        };
 
        $opHandle = new SwiftFileOpHandle( $this, $handler, $reqs );
        $opHandle->resourcesToClose[] = $srcHandle;
 
        if ( !empty( $params['async'] ) ) { // deferred
            $status->value = $opHandle;
        } else { // actually write the object in Swift
            $status->merge( current( $this->executeOpHandlesInternal( [ $opHandle ] ) ) );
        }
 
        return $status;
    }
 
    protected function doCopyInternal( array $params ) {
        $status = $this->newStatus();
 
        [ $srcCont, $srcRel ] = $this->resolveStoragePathReal( $params['src'] );
        if ( $srcRel === null ) {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-invalidpath', $params['src'] );
 
            return $status;
        }
 
        [ $dstCont, $dstRel ] = $this->resolveStoragePathReal( $params['dst'] );
        if ( $dstRel === null ) {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-invalidpath', $params['dst'] );
 
            return $status;
        }
 
        $reqs = [ [
            'method' => 'PUT',
            'container' => $dstCont,
            'relPath' => $dstRel,
            'headers' => array_merge(
                $this->extractMutableContentHeaders( $params['headers'] ?? [] ),
                [
                    'x-copy-from' => '/' . rawurlencode( $srcCont ) . '/' .
                        str_replace( "%2F", "/", rawurlencode( $srcRel ) )
                ]
            )
        ] ];
 
        $method = __METHOD__;
        $handler = function ( array $request, StatusValue $status ) use ( $method, $params ) {
            [ $rcode, $rdesc, , $rbody, $rerr ] = $request['response'];
            if ( $rcode === 201 ) {
                // good
            } elseif ( $rcode === 404 ) {
                if ( empty( $params['ignoreMissingSource'] ) ) {
                    $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-copy', $params['src'], $params['dst'] );
                }
            } else {
                $this->onError( $status, $method, $params, $rerr, $rcode, $rdesc, $rbody );
            }
 
            return SwiftFileOpHandle::CONTINUE_IF_OK;
        };
 
        $opHandle = new SwiftFileOpHandle( $this, $handler, $reqs );
        if ( !empty( $params['async'] ) ) { // deferred
            $status->value = $opHandle;
        } else { // actually write the object in Swift
            $status->merge( current( $this->executeOpHandlesInternal( [ $opHandle ] ) ) );
        }
 
        return $status;
    }
 
    protected function doMoveInternal( array $params ) {
        $status = $this->newStatus();
 
        [ $srcCont, $srcRel ] = $this->resolveStoragePathReal( $params['src'] );
        if ( $srcRel === null ) {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-invalidpath', $params['src'] );
 
            return $status;
        }
 
        [ $dstCont, $dstRel ] = $this->resolveStoragePathReal( $params['dst'] );
        if ( $dstRel === null ) {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-invalidpath', $params['dst'] );
 
            return $status;
        }
 
        $reqs = [ [
            'method' => 'PUT',
            'container' => $dstCont,
            'relPath' => $dstRel,
            'headers' => array_merge(
                $this->extractMutableContentHeaders( $params['headers'] ?? [] ),
                [
                    'x-copy-from' => '/' . rawurlencode( $srcCont ) . '/' .
                        str_replace( "%2F", "/", rawurlencode( $srcRel ) )
                ]
            )
        ] ];
        if ( "{$srcCont}/{$srcRel}" !== "{$dstCont}/{$dstRel}" ) {
            $reqs[] = [
                'method' => 'DELETE',
                'container' => $srcCont,
                'relPath' => $srcRel,
                'headers' => []
            ];
        }
 
        $method = __METHOD__;
        $handler = function ( array $request, StatusValue $status ) use ( $method, $params ) {
            [ $rcode, $rdesc, , $rbody, $rerr ] = $request['response'];
            if ( $request['method'] === 'PUT' && $rcode === 201 ) {
                // good
            } elseif ( $request['method'] === 'DELETE' && $rcode === 204 ) {
                // good
            } elseif ( $rcode === 404 ) {
                if ( empty( $params['ignoreMissingSource'] ) ) {
                    $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-move', $params['src'], $params['dst'] );
                } else {
                    // Leave Status as OK but skip the DELETE request
                    return SwiftFileOpHandle::CONTINUE_NO;
                }
            } else {
                $this->onError( $status, $method, $params, $rerr, $rcode, $rdesc, $rbody );
            }
 
            return SwiftFileOpHandle::CONTINUE_IF_OK;
        };
 
        $opHandle = new SwiftFileOpHandle( $this, $handler, $reqs );
        if ( !empty( $params['async'] ) ) { // deferred
            $status->value = $opHandle;
        } else { // actually move the object in Swift
            $status->merge( current( $this->executeOpHandlesInternal( [ $opHandle ] ) ) );
        }
 
        return $status;
    }
 
    protected function doDeleteInternal( array $params ) {
        $status = $this->newStatus();
 
        [ $srcCont, $srcRel ] = $this->resolveStoragePathReal( $params['src'] );
        if ( $srcRel === null ) {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-invalidpath', $params['src'] );
 
            return $status;
        }
 
        $reqs = [ [
            'method' => 'DELETE',
            'container' => $srcCont,
            'relPath' => $srcRel,
            'headers' => []
        ] ];
 
        $method = __METHOD__;
        $handler = function ( array $request, StatusValue $status ) use ( $method, $params ) {
            [ $rcode, $rdesc, , $rbody, $rerr ] = $request['response'];
            if ( $rcode === 204 ) {
                // good
            } elseif ( $rcode === 404 ) {
                if ( empty( $params['ignoreMissingSource'] ) ) {
                    $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-delete', $params['src'] );
                }
            } else {
                $this->onError( $status, $method, $params, $rerr, $rcode, $rdesc, $rbody );
            }
 
            return SwiftFileOpHandle::CONTINUE_IF_OK;
        };
 
        $opHandle = new SwiftFileOpHandle( $this, $handler, $reqs );
        if ( !empty( $params['async'] ) ) { // deferred
            $status->value = $opHandle;
        } else { // actually delete the object in Swift
            $status->merge( current( $this->executeOpHandlesInternal( [ $opHandle ] ) ) );
        }
 
        return $status;
    }
 
    protected function doDescribeInternal( array $params ) {
        $status = $this->newStatus();
 
        [ $srcCont, $srcRel ] = $this->resolveStoragePathReal( $params['src'] );
        if ( $srcRel === null ) {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-invalidpath', $params['src'] );
 
            return $status;
        }
 
        // Fetch the old object headers/metadata...this should be in stat cache by now
        $stat = $this->getFileStat( [ 'src' => $params['src'], 'latest' => 1 ] );
        if ( $stat && !isset( $stat['xattr'] ) ) { // older cache entry
            $stat = $this->doGetFileStat( [ 'src' => $params['src'], 'latest' => 1 ] );
        }
        if ( !$stat ) {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-describe', $params['src'] );
 
            return $status;
        }
 
        // Swift object POST clears any prior headers, so merge the new and old headers here.
        // Also, during, POST, libcurl adds "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
        // if "Content-Type" is not set, which would clobber the header value for the object.
        $oldMetadataHeaders = [];
        foreach ( $stat['xattr']['metadata'] as $name => $value ) {
            $oldMetadataHeaders["x-object-meta-$name"] = $value;
        }
        $newContentHeaders = $this->extractMutableContentHeaders( $params['headers'] ?? [] );
        $oldContentHeaders = $stat['xattr']['headers'];
 
        $reqs = [ [
            'method' => 'POST',
            'container' => $srcCont,
            'relPath' => $srcRel,
            'headers' => $oldMetadataHeaders + $newContentHeaders + $oldContentHeaders
        ] ];
 
        $method = __METHOD__;
        $handler = function ( array $request, StatusValue $status ) use ( $method, $params ) {
            [ $rcode, $rdesc, , $rbody, $rerr ] = $request['response'];
            if ( $rcode === 202 ) {
                // good
            } elseif ( $rcode === 404 ) {
                $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-describe', $params['src'] );
            } else {
                $this->onError( $status, $method, $params, $rerr, $rcode, $rdesc, $rbody );
            }
        };
 
        $opHandle = new SwiftFileOpHandle( $this, $handler, $reqs );
        if ( !empty( $params['async'] ) ) { // deferred
            $status->value = $opHandle;
        } else { // actually change the object in Swift
            $status->merge( current( $this->executeOpHandlesInternal( [ $opHandle ] ) ) );
        }
 
        return $status;
    }
 
    protected function doPrepareInternal( $fullCont, $dir, array $params ) {
        $status = $this->newStatus();
 
        // (a) Check if container already exists
        $stat = $this->getContainerStat( $fullCont );
        if ( is_array( $stat ) ) {
            return $status; // already there
        } elseif ( $stat === self::RES_ERROR ) {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-internal', $this->name );
            $this->logger->error( __METHOD__ . ': cannot get container stat' );
        } else {
            // (b) Create container as needed with proper ACLs
            $params['op'] = 'prepare';
            $status->merge( $this->createContainer( $fullCont, $params ) );
        }
 
        return $status;
    }
 
    protected function doSecureInternal( $fullCont, $dir, array $params ) {
        $status = $this->newStatus();
        if ( empty( $params['noAccess'] ) ) {
            return $status; // nothing to do
        }
 
        $stat = $this->getContainerStat( $fullCont );
        if ( is_array( $stat ) ) {
            $readUsers = array_merge( $this->secureReadUsers, [ $this->swiftUser ] );
            $writeUsers = array_merge( $this->secureWriteUsers, [ $this->swiftUser ] );
            // Make container private to end-users...
            $status->merge( $this->setContainerAccess(
                $fullCont,
                $readUsers,
                $writeUsers
            ) );
        } elseif ( $stat === self::RES_ABSENT ) {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-usable', $params['dir'] );
        } else {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-internal', $this->name );
            $this->logger->error( __METHOD__ . ': cannot get container stat' );
        }
 
        return $status;
    }
 
    protected function doPublishInternal( $fullCont, $dir, array $params ) {
        $status = $this->newStatus();
        if ( empty( $params['access'] ) ) {
            return $status; // nothing to do
        }
 
        $stat = $this->getContainerStat( $fullCont );
        if ( is_array( $stat ) ) {
            $readUsers = array_merge( $this->readUsers, [ $this->swiftUser, '.r:*' ] );
            if ( !empty( $params['listing'] ) ) {
                array_push( $readUsers, '.rlistings' );
            }
            $writeUsers = array_merge( $this->writeUsers, [ $this->swiftUser ] );
 
            // Make container public to end-users...
            $status->merge( $this->setContainerAccess(
                $fullCont,
                $readUsers,
                $writeUsers
            ) );
        } elseif ( $stat === self::RES_ABSENT ) {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-usable', $params['dir'] );
        } else {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-internal', $this->name );
            $this->logger->error( __METHOD__ . ': cannot get container stat' );
        }
 
        return $status;
    }
 
    protected function doCleanInternal( $fullCont, $dir, array $params ) {
        $status = $this->newStatus();
 
        // Only containers themselves can be removed, all else is virtual
        if ( $dir != '' ) {
            return $status; // nothing to do
        }
 
        // (a) Check the container
        $stat = $this->getContainerStat( $fullCont, true );
        if ( $stat === self::RES_ABSENT ) {
            return $status; // ok, nothing to do
        } elseif ( $stat === self::RES_ERROR ) {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-internal', $this->name );
            $this->logger->error( __METHOD__ . ': cannot get container stat' );
        } elseif ( is_array( $stat ) && $stat['count'] == 0 ) {
            // (b) Delete the container if empty
            $params['op'] = 'clean';
            $status->merge( $this->deleteContainer( $fullCont, $params ) );
        }
 
        return $status;
    }
 
    protected function doGetFileStat( array $params ) {
        $params = [ 'srcs' => [ $params['src'] ], 'concurrency' => 1 ] + $params;
        unset( $params['src'] );
        $stats = $this->doGetFileStatMulti( $params );
 
        return reset( $stats );
    }
 
    protected function convertSwiftDate( $ts, $format = TS_MW ) {
        try {
            $timestamp = new ConvertibleTimestamp( $ts );
 
            return $timestamp->getTimestamp( $format );
        } catch ( TimeoutException $e ) {
            throw $e;
        } catch ( Exception $e ) {
            throw new FileBackendError( $e->getMessage() );
        }
    }
 
    protected function addMissingHashMetadata( array $objHdrs, $path ) {
        if ( isset( $objHdrs['x-object-meta-sha1base36'] ) ) {
            return $objHdrs; // nothing to do
        }
 
        $ps = $this->scopedProfileSection( __METHOD__ . "-{$this->name}" );
        $this->logger->error( __METHOD__ . ": {path} was not stored with SHA-1 metadata.",
            [ 'path' => $path ] );
 
        $objHdrs['x-object-meta-sha1base36'] = false;
 
        // Find prior custom HTTP headers
        $postHeaders = $this->extractMutableContentHeaders( $objHdrs );
        // Find prior metadata headers
        $postHeaders += $this->extractMetadataHeaders( $objHdrs );
 
        $status = $this->newStatus();
        $scopeLockS = $this->getScopedFileLocks( [ $path ], LockManager::LOCK_UW, $status );
        if ( $status->isOK() ) {
            $tmpFile = $this->getLocalCopy( [ 'src' => $path, 'latest' => 1 ] );
            if ( $tmpFile ) {
                $hash = $tmpFile->getSha1Base36();
                if ( $hash !== false ) {
                    $objHdrs['x-object-meta-sha1base36'] = $hash;
                    // Merge new SHA1 header into the old ones
                    $postHeaders['x-object-meta-sha1base36'] = $hash;
                    [ $srcCont, $srcRel ] = $this->resolveStoragePathReal( $path );
                    [ $rcode ] = $this->requestWithAuth( [
                        'method' => 'POST',
                        'container' => $srcCont,
                        'relPath' => $srcRel,
                        'headers' => $postHeaders
                    ] );
                    if ( $rcode >= 200 && $rcode <= 299 ) {
                        $this->deleteFileCache( $path );
 
                        return $objHdrs; // success
                    }
                }
            }
        }
 
        $this->logger->error( __METHOD__ . ': unable to set SHA-1 metadata for {path}',
            [ 'path' => $path ] );
 
        return $objHdrs; // failed
    }
 
    protected function doGetFileContentsMulti( array $params ) {
        $ep = array_diff_key( $params, [ 'srcs' => 1 ] ); // for error logging
        // Blindly create tmp files and stream to them, catching any exception
        // if the file does not exist. Do not waste time doing file stats here.
        $reqs = []; // (path => op)
 
        // Initial dummy values to preserve path order
        $contents = array_fill_keys( $params['srcs'], self::RES_ERROR );
        foreach ( $params['srcs'] as $path ) { // each path in this concurrent batch
            [ $srcCont, $srcRel ] = $this->resolveStoragePathReal( $path );
            if ( $srcRel === null ) {
                continue; // invalid storage path
            }
            // Create a new temporary memory file...
            $handle = fopen( 'php://temp', 'wb' );
            if ( $handle ) {
                $reqs[$path] = [
                    'method'  => 'GET',
                    'container' => $srcCont,
                    'relPath' => $srcRel,
                    'headers' => $this->headersFromParams( $params ),
                    'stream'  => $handle,
                ];
            }
        }
 
        $reqs = $this->requestMultiWithAuth(
            $reqs,
            [ 'maxConnsPerHost' => $params['concurrency'] ]
        );
        foreach ( $reqs as $path => $op ) {
            [ $rcode, $rdesc, $rhdrs, $rbody, $rerr ] = $op['response'];
            if ( $rcode >= 200 && $rcode <= 299 ) {
                rewind( $op['stream'] ); // start from the beginning
                $content = (string)stream_get_contents( $op['stream'] );
                $size = strlen( $content );
                // Make sure that stream finished
                if ( $size === (int)$rhdrs['content-length'] ) {
                    $contents[$path] = $content;
                } else {
                    $contents[$path] = self::RES_ERROR;
                    $rerr = "Got {$size}/{$rhdrs['content-length']} bytes";
                    $this->onError( null, __METHOD__,
                        [ 'src' => $path ] + $ep, $rerr, $rcode, $rdesc );
                }
            } elseif ( $rcode === 404 ) {
                $contents[$path] = self::RES_ABSENT;
            } else {
                $contents[$path] = self::RES_ERROR;
                $this->onError( null, __METHOD__,
                    [ 'src' => $path ] + $ep, $rerr, $rcode, $rdesc, $rbody );
            }
            fclose( $op['stream'] ); // close open handle
        }
 
        return $contents;
    }
 
    protected function doDirectoryExists( $fullCont, $dir, array $params ) {
        $prefix = ( $dir == '' ) ? null : "{$dir}/";
        $status = $this->objectListing( $fullCont, 'names', 1, null, $prefix );
        if ( $status->isOK() ) {
            return ( count( $status->value ) ) > 0;
        }
 
        return self::RES_ERROR;
    }
 
    public function getDirectoryListInternal( $fullCont, $dir, array $params ) {
        return new SwiftFileBackendDirList( $this, $fullCont, $dir, $params );
    }
 
    public function getFileListInternal( $fullCont, $dir, array $params ) {
        return new SwiftFileBackendFileList( $this, $fullCont, $dir, $params );
    }
 
    public function getDirListPageInternal( $fullCont, $dir, &$after, $limit, array $params ) {
        $dirs = [];
        if ( $after === INF ) {
            return $dirs; // nothing more
        }
 
        $ps = $this->scopedProfileSection( __METHOD__ . "-{$this->name}" );
 
        $prefix = ( $dir == '' ) ? null : "{$dir}/";
        // Non-recursive: only list dirs right under $dir
        if ( !empty( $params['topOnly'] ) ) {
            $status = $this->objectListing( $fullCont, 'names', $limit, $after, $prefix, '/' );
            if ( !$status->isOK() ) {
                throw new FileBackendError( "Iterator page I/O error." );
            }
            $objects = $status->value;
            // @phan-suppress-next-line PhanTypeSuspiciousNonTraversableForeach
            foreach ( $objects as $object ) { // files and directories
                if ( substr( $object, -1 ) === '/' ) {
                    $dirs[] = $object; // directories end in '/'
                }
            }
        } else {
            // Recursive: list all dirs under $dir and its subdirs
            $getParentDir = static function ( $path ) {
                return ( $path !== null && strpos( $path, '/' ) !== false ) ? dirname( $path ) : false;
            };
 
            // Get directory from last item of prior page
            $lastDir = $getParentDir( $after ); // must be first page
            $status = $this->objectListing( $fullCont, 'names', $limit, $after, $prefix );
 
            if ( !$status->isOK() ) {
                throw new FileBackendError( "Iterator page I/O error." );
            }
 
            $objects = $status->value;
 
            // @phan-suppress-next-line PhanTypeSuspiciousNonTraversableForeach
            foreach ( $objects as $object ) { // files
                $objectDir = $getParentDir( $object ); // directory of object
 
                if ( $objectDir !== false && $objectDir !== $dir ) {
                    // Swift stores paths in UTF-8, using binary sorting.
                    // See function "create_container_table" in common/db.py.
                    // If a directory is not "greater" than the last one,
                    // then it was already listed by the calling iterator.
                    if ( strcmp( $objectDir, $lastDir ) > 0 ) {
                        $pDir = $objectDir;
                        do { // add dir and all its parent dirs
                            $dirs[] = "{$pDir}/";
                            $pDir = $getParentDir( $pDir );
                        } while ( $pDir !== false
                            && strcmp( $pDir, $lastDir ) > 0 // not done already
                            && strlen( $pDir ) > strlen( $dir ) // within $dir
                        );
                    }
                    $lastDir = $objectDir;
                }
            }
        }
        // Page on the unfiltered directory listing (what is returned may be filtered)
        if ( count( $objects ) < $limit ) {
            $after = INF; // avoid a second RTT
        } else {
            $after = end( $objects ); // update last item
        }
 
        return $dirs;
    }
 
    public function getFileListPageInternal( $fullCont, $dir, &$after, $limit, array $params ) {
        $files = []; // list of (path, stat map or null) entries
        if ( $after === INF ) {
            return $files; // nothing more
        }
 
        $ps = $this->scopedProfileSection( __METHOD__ . "-{$this->name}" );
 
        $prefix = ( $dir == '' ) ? null : "{$dir}/";
        // $objects will contain a list of unfiltered names or stdClass items
        // Non-recursive: only list files right under $dir
        if ( !empty( $params['topOnly'] ) ) {
            if ( !empty( $params['adviseStat'] ) ) {
                $status = $this->objectListing( $fullCont, 'info', $limit, $after, $prefix, '/' );
            } else {
                $status = $this->objectListing( $fullCont, 'names', $limit, $after, $prefix, '/' );
            }
        } else {
            // Recursive: list all files under $dir and its subdirs
            if ( !empty( $params['adviseStat'] ) ) {
                $status = $this->objectListing( $fullCont, 'info', $limit, $after, $prefix );
            } else {
                $status = $this->objectListing( $fullCont, 'names', $limit, $after, $prefix );
            }
        }
 
        // Reformat this list into a list of (name, stat map or null) entries
        if ( !$status->isOK() ) {
            throw new FileBackendError( "Iterator page I/O error." );
        }
 
        $objects = $status->value;
        $files = $this->buildFileObjectListing( $objects );
 
        // Page on the unfiltered object listing (what is returned may be filtered)
        if ( count( $objects ) < $limit ) {
            $after = INF; // avoid a second RTT
        } else {
            $after = end( $objects ); // update last item
            $after = is_object( $after ) ? $after->name : $after;
        }
 
        return $files;
    }
 
    private function buildFileObjectListing( array $objects ) {
        $names = [];
        foreach ( $objects as $object ) {
            if ( is_object( $object ) ) {
                if ( isset( $object->subdir ) || !isset( $object->name ) ) {
                    continue; // virtual directory entry; ignore
                }
                $stat = [
                    // Convert various random Swift dates to TS_MW
                    'mtime'  => $this->convertSwiftDate( $object->last_modified, TS_MW ),
                    'size'   => (int)$object->bytes,
                    'sha1'   => null,
                    // Note: manifest ETags are not an MD5 of the file
                    'md5'    => ctype_xdigit( $object->hash ) ? $object->hash : null,
                    'latest' => false // eventually consistent
                ];
                $names[] = [ $object->name, $stat ];
            } elseif ( substr( $object, -1 ) !== '/' ) {
                // Omit directories, which end in '/' in listings
                $names[] = [ $object, null ];
            }
        }
 
        return $names;
    }
 
    public function loadListingStatInternal( $path, array $val ) {
        $this->cheapCache->setField( $path, 'stat', $val );
    }
 
    protected function doGetFileXAttributes( array $params ) {
        $stat = $this->getFileStat( $params );
        // Stat entries filled by file listings don't include metadata/headers
        if ( is_array( $stat ) && !isset( $stat['xattr'] ) ) {
            $this->clearCache( [ $params['src'] ] );
            $stat = $this->getFileStat( $params );
        }
 
        if ( is_array( $stat ) ) {
            return $stat['xattr'];
        }
 
        return $stat === self::RES_ERROR ? self::RES_ERROR : self::RES_ABSENT;
    }
 
    protected function doGetFileSha1base36( array $params ) {
        // Avoid using stat entries from file listings, which never include the SHA-1 hash.
        // Also, recompute the hash if it's not part of the metadata headers for some reason.
        $params['requireSHA1'] = true;
 
        $stat = $this->getFileStat( $params );
        if ( is_array( $stat ) ) {
            return $stat['sha1'];
        }
 
        return $stat === self::RES_ERROR ? self::RES_ERROR : self::RES_ABSENT;
    }
 
    protected function doStreamFile( array $params ) {
        $status = $this->newStatus();
 
        $flags = !empty( $params['headless'] ) ? HTTPFileStreamer::STREAM_HEADLESS : 0;
 
        [ $srcCont, $srcRel ] = $this->resolveStoragePathReal( $params['src'] );
        if ( $srcRel === null ) {
            HTTPFileStreamer::send404Message( $params['src'], $flags );
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-invalidpath', $params['src'] );
 
            return $status;
        }
 
        if ( !is_array( $this->getContainerStat( $srcCont ) ) ) {
            HTTPFileStreamer::send404Message( $params['src'], $flags );
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-stream', $params['src'] );
 
            return $status;
        }
 
        // If "headers" is set, we only want to send them if the file is there.
        // Do not bother checking if the file exists if headers are not set though.
        if ( $params['headers'] && !$this->fileExists( $params ) ) {
            HTTPFileStreamer::send404Message( $params['src'], $flags );
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-stream', $params['src'] );
 
            return $status;
        }
 
        // Send the requested additional headers
        if ( empty( $params['headless'] ) ) {
            foreach ( $params['headers'] as $header ) {
                $this->header( $header );
            }
        }
 
        if ( empty( $params['allowOB'] ) ) {
            // Cancel output buffering and gzipping if set
            $this->resetOutputBuffer();
        }
 
        $handle = fopen( 'php://output', 'wb' );
        [ $rcode, $rdesc, , $rbody, $rerr ] = $this->requestWithAuth( [
            'method' => 'GET',
            'container' => $srcCont,
            'relPath' => $srcRel,
            'headers' => $this->headersFromParams( $params ) + $params['options'],
            'stream' => $handle,
            'flags'  => [ 'relayResponseHeaders' => empty( $params['headless'] ) ]
        ] );
 
        if ( $rcode >= 200 && $rcode <= 299 ) {
            // good
        } elseif ( $rcode === 404 ) {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-stream', $params['src'] );
            // Per T43113, nasty things can happen if bad cache entries get
            // stuck in cache. It's also possible that this error can come up
            // with simple race conditions. Clear out the stat cache to be safe.
            $this->clearCache( [ $params['src'] ] );
            $this->deleteFileCache( $params['src'] );
        } else {
            $this->onError( $status, __METHOD__, $params, $rerr, $rcode, $rdesc, $rbody );
        }
 
        return $status;
    }
 
    protected function doGetLocalCopyMulti( array $params ) {
        $ep = array_diff_key( $params, [ 'srcs' => 1 ] ); // for error logging
        // Blindly create tmp files and stream to them, catching any exception
        // if the file does not exist. Do not waste time doing file stats here.
        $reqs = []; // (path => op)
 
        // Initial dummy values to preserve path order
        $tmpFiles = array_fill_keys( $params['srcs'], self::RES_ERROR );
        foreach ( $params['srcs'] as $path ) { // each path in this concurrent batch
            [ $srcCont, $srcRel ] = $this->resolveStoragePathReal( $path );
            if ( $srcRel === null ) {
                continue; // invalid storage path
            }
            // Get source file extension
            $ext = FileBackend::extensionFromPath( $path );
            // Create a new temporary file...
            $tmpFile = $this->tmpFileFactory->newTempFSFile( 'localcopy_', $ext );
            $handle = $tmpFile ? fopen( $tmpFile->getPath(), 'wb' ) : false;
            if ( $handle ) {
                $reqs[$path] = [
                    'method'  => 'GET',
                    'container' => $srcCont,
                    'relPath' => $srcRel,
                    'headers' => $this->headersFromParams( $params ),
                    'stream'  => $handle,
                ];
                $tmpFiles[$path] = $tmpFile;
            }
        }
 
        // Ceph RADOS Gateway is in use (strong consistency) or X-Newest will be used
        $latest = ( $this->isRGW || !empty( $params['latest'] ) );
 
        $reqs = $this->requestMultiWithAuth(
            $reqs,
            [ 'maxConnsPerHost' => $params['concurrency'] ]
        );
        foreach ( $reqs as $path => $op ) {
            [ $rcode, $rdesc, $rhdrs, $rbody, $rerr ] = $op['response'];
            fclose( $op['stream'] ); // close open handle
            if ( $rcode >= 200 && $rcode <= 299 ) {
                $tmpFile = $tmpFiles[$path];
                // Make sure that the stream finished and fully wrote to disk
                $size = $tmpFile->getSize();
                if ( $size !== (int)$rhdrs['content-length'] ) {
                    $tmpFiles[$path] = self::RES_ERROR;
                    $rerr = "Got {$size}/{$rhdrs['content-length']} bytes";
                    $this->onError( null, __METHOD__,
                        [ 'src' => $path ] + $ep, $rerr, $rcode, $rdesc );
                }
                // Set the file stat process cache in passing
                $stat = $this->getStatFromHeaders( $rhdrs );
                $stat['latest'] = $latest;
                $this->cheapCache->setField( $path, 'stat', $stat );
            } elseif ( $rcode === 404 ) {
                $tmpFiles[$path] = self::RES_ABSENT;
                $this->cheapCache->setField(
                    $path,
                    'stat',
                    $latest ? self::ABSENT_LATEST : self::ABSENT_NORMAL
                );
            } else {
                $tmpFiles[$path] = self::RES_ERROR;
                $this->onError( null, __METHOD__,
                    [ 'src' => $path ] + $ep, $rerr, $rcode, $rdesc, $rbody );
            }
        }
 
        return $tmpFiles;
    }
 
    public function addShellboxInputFile( BoxedCommand $command, string $boxedName,
        array $params
    ) {
        if ( $this->canShellboxGetTempUrl ) {
            $urlParams = [ 'src' => $params['src'] ];
            if ( $this->shellboxIpRange !== null ) {
                $urlParams['ipRange'] = $this->shellboxIpRange;
            }
            $url = $this->getFileHttpUrl( $urlParams );
            if ( $url ) {
                $command->inputFileFromUrl( $boxedName, $url );
                return $this->newStatus();
            }
        }
        return parent::addShellboxInputFile( $command, $boxedName, $params );
    }
 
    public function getFileHttpUrl( array $params ) {
        if ( $this->swiftTempUrlKey == '' &&
            ( $this->rgwS3AccessKey == '' || $this->rgwS3SecretKey != '' )
        ) {
            $this->logger->debug( "Can't get Swift file URL: no key available" );
            return self::TEMPURL_ERROR;
        }
 
        [ $srcCont, $srcRel ] = $this->resolveStoragePathReal( $params['src'] );
        if ( $srcRel === null ) {
            $this->logger->debug( "Can't get Swift file URL: can't resolve path" );
            return self::TEMPURL_ERROR; // invalid path
        }
 
        $auth = $this->getAuthentication();
        if ( !$auth ) {
            $this->logger->debug( "Can't get Swift file URL: authentication failed" );
            return self::TEMPURL_ERROR;
        }
 
        $method = $params['method'] ?? 'GET';
        $ttl = $params['ttl'] ?? 86400;
        $expires = time() + $ttl;
 
        if ( $this->swiftTempUrlKey != '' ) {
            $url = $this->storageUrl( $auth, $srcCont, $srcRel );
            // Swift wants the signature based on the unencoded object name
            $contPath = parse_url( $this->storageUrl( $auth, $srcCont ), PHP_URL_PATH );
            $messageParts = [
                $method,
                $expires,
                "{$contPath}/{$srcRel}"
            ];
            $query = [
                'temp_url_expires' => $expires,
            ];
            if ( isset( $params['ipRange'] ) ) {
                array_unshift( $messageParts, "ip={$params['ipRange']}" );
                $query['temp_url_ip_range'] = $params['ipRange'];
            }
 
            $signature = hash_hmac( 'sha1',
                implode( "\n", $messageParts ),
                $this->swiftTempUrlKey
            );
            $query = [ 'temp_url_sig' => $signature ] + $query;
 
            return $url . '?' . http_build_query( $query );
        } else { // give S3 API URL for rgw
            // Path for signature starts with the bucket
            $spath = '/' . rawurlencode( $srcCont ) . '/' .
                str_replace( '%2F', '/', rawurlencode( $srcRel ) );
            // Calculate the hash
            $signature = base64_encode( hash_hmac(
                'sha1',
                "{$method}\n\n\n{$expires}\n{$spath}",
                $this->rgwS3SecretKey,
                true // raw
            ) );
            // See https://s3.amazonaws.com/doc/s3-developer-guide/RESTAuthentication.html.
            // Note: adding a newline for empty CanonicalizedAmzHeaders does not work.
            // Note: S3 API is the rgw default; remove the /swift/ URL bit.
            return str_replace( '/swift/v1', '', $this->storageUrl( $auth ) . $spath ) .
                '?' .
                http_build_query( [
                    'Signature' => $signature,
                    'Expires' => $expires,
                    'AWSAccessKeyId' => $this->rgwS3AccessKey
                ] );
        }
    }
 
    protected function directoriesAreVirtual() {
        return true;
    }
 
    protected function headersFromParams( array $params ) {
        $hdrs = [];
        if ( !empty( $params['latest'] ) ) {
            $hdrs['x-newest'] = 'true';
        }
 
        return $hdrs;
    }
 
    protected function doExecuteOpHandlesInternal( array $fileOpHandles ) {
        '@phan-var SwiftFileOpHandle[] $fileOpHandles';
 
        $statuses = [];
 
        // Split the HTTP requests into stages that can be done concurrently
        $httpReqsByStage = []; // map of (stage => index => HTTP request)
        foreach ( $fileOpHandles as $index => $fileOpHandle ) {
            $reqs = $fileOpHandle->httpOp;
            foreach ( $reqs as $stage => $req ) {
                $httpReqsByStage[$stage][$index] = $req;
            }
            $statuses[$index] = $this->newStatus();
        }
 
        // Run all requests for the first stage, then the next, and so on
        $reqCount = count( $httpReqsByStage );
        for ( $stage = 0; $stage < $reqCount; ++$stage ) {
            $httpReqs = $this->requestMultiWithAuth( $httpReqsByStage[$stage] );
            foreach ( $httpReqs as $index => $httpReq ) {
                $fileOpHandle = $fileOpHandles[$index];
                // Run the callback for each request of this operation
                $status = $statuses[$index];
                ( $fileOpHandle->callback )( $httpReq, $status );
                // On failure, abort all remaining requests for this operation. This is used
                // in "move" operations to abort the DELETE request if the PUT request fails.
                if (
                    !$status->isOK() ||
                    $fileOpHandle->state === $fileOpHandle::CONTINUE_NO
                ) {
                    $stages = count( $fileOpHandle->httpOp );
                    for ( $s = ( $stage + 1 ); $s < $stages; ++$s ) {
                        unset( $httpReqsByStage[$s][$index] );
                    }
                }
            }
        }
 
        return $statuses;
    }
 
    protected function setContainerAccess( $container, array $readUsers, array $writeUsers ) {
        $status = $this->newStatus();
 
        [ $rcode, , , , ] = $this->requestWithAuth( [
            'method' => 'POST',
            'container' => $container,
            'headers' => [
                'x-container-read' => implode( ',', $readUsers ),
                'x-container-write' => implode( ',', $writeUsers )
            ]
        ] );
 
        if ( $rcode != 204 && $rcode !== 202 ) {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-internal', $this->name );
            $this->logger->error( __METHOD__ . ': unexpected rcode value ({rcode})',
                [ 'rcode' => $rcode ] );
        }
 
        return $status;
    }
 
    protected function getContainerStat( $container, $bypassCache = false ) {
        $ps = $this->scopedProfileSection( __METHOD__ . "-{$this->name}" );
 
        if ( $bypassCache ) { // purge cache
            $this->containerStatCache->clear( $container );
        } elseif ( !$this->containerStatCache->hasField( $container, 'stat' ) ) {
            $this->primeContainerCache( [ $container ] ); // check persistent cache
        }
        if ( !$this->containerStatCache->hasField( $container, 'stat' ) ) {
            [ $rcode, $rdesc, $rhdrs, $rbody, $rerr ] = $this->requestWithAuth( [
                'method' => 'HEAD',
                'container' => $container
            ] );
 
            if ( $rcode === 204 ) {
                $stat = [
                    'count' => $rhdrs['x-container-object-count'],
                    'bytes' => $rhdrs['x-container-bytes-used']
                ];
                if ( $bypassCache ) {
                    return $stat;
                } else {
                    $this->containerStatCache->setField( $container, 'stat', $stat ); // cache it
                    $this->setContainerCache( $container, $stat ); // update persistent cache
                }
            } elseif ( $rcode === 404 ) {
                return self::RES_ABSENT;
            } else {
                $this->onError( null, __METHOD__,
                    [ 'cont' => $container ], $rerr, $rcode, $rdesc, $rbody );
 
                return self::RES_ERROR;
            }
        }
 
        return $this->containerStatCache->getField( $container, 'stat' );
    }
 
    protected function createContainer( $container, array $params ) {
        $status = $this->newStatus();
 
        // @see SwiftFileBackend::setContainerAccess()
        if ( empty( $params['noAccess'] ) ) {
            // public
            $readUsers = array_merge( $this->readUsers, [ '.r:*', $this->swiftUser ] );
            if ( empty( $params['noListing'] ) ) {
                array_push( $readUsers, '.rlistings' );
            }
            $writeUsers = array_merge( $this->writeUsers, [ $this->swiftUser ] );
        } else {
            // private
            $readUsers = array_merge( $this->secureReadUsers, [ $this->swiftUser ] );
            $writeUsers = array_merge( $this->secureWriteUsers, [ $this->swiftUser ] );
        }
 
        [ $rcode, $rdesc, , $rbody, $rerr ] = $this->requestWithAuth( [
            'method' => 'PUT',
            'container' => $container,
            'headers' => [
                'x-container-read' => implode( ',', $readUsers ),
                'x-container-write' => implode( ',', $writeUsers )
            ]
        ] );
 
        if ( $rcode === 201 ) { // new
            // good
        } elseif ( $rcode === 202 ) { // already there
            // this shouldn't really happen, but is OK
        } else {
            $this->onError( $status, __METHOD__, $params, $rerr, $rcode, $rdesc, $rbody );
        }
 
        return $status;
    }
 
    protected function deleteContainer( $container, array $params ) {
        $status = $this->newStatus();
 
        [ $rcode, $rdesc, , $rbody, $rerr ] = $this->requestWithAuth( [
            'method' => 'DELETE',
            'container' => $container
        ] );
 
        if ( $rcode >= 200 && $rcode <= 299 ) { // deleted
            $this->containerStatCache->clear( $container ); // purge
        } elseif ( $rcode === 404 ) { // not there
            // this shouldn't really happen, but is OK
        } elseif ( $rcode === 409 ) { // not empty
            $this->onError( $status, __METHOD__, $params, $rerr, $rcode, $rdesc ); // race?
        } else {
            $this->onError( $status, __METHOD__, $params, $rerr, $rcode, $rdesc, $rbody );
        }
 
        return $status;
    }
 
    private function objectListing(
        $fullCont, $type, $limit, $after = null, $prefix = null, $delim = null
    ) {
        $status = $this->newStatus();
 
        $query = [ 'limit' => $limit ];
        if ( $type === 'info' ) {
            $query['format'] = 'json';
        }
        if ( $after !== null ) {
            $query['marker'] = $after;
        }
        if ( $prefix !== null ) {
            $query['prefix'] = $prefix;
        }
        if ( $delim !== null ) {
            $query['delimiter'] = $delim;
        }
 
        [ $rcode, $rdesc, , $rbody, $rerr ] = $this->requestWithAuth( [
            'method' => 'GET',
            'container' => $fullCont,
            'query' => $query,
        ] );
 
        $params = [ 'cont' => $fullCont, 'prefix' => $prefix, 'delim' => $delim ];
        if ( $rcode === 200 ) { // good
            if ( $type === 'info' ) {
                $status->value = json_decode( trim( $rbody ) );
            } else {
                $status->value = explode( "\n", trim( $rbody ) );
            }
        } elseif ( $rcode === 204 ) {
            $status->value = []; // empty container
        } elseif ( $rcode === 404 ) {
            $status->value = []; // no container
        } else {
            $this->onError( $status, __METHOD__, $params, $rerr, $rcode, $rdesc, $rbody );
        }
 
        return $status;
    }
 
    protected function doPrimeContainerCache( array $containerInfo ) {
        foreach ( $containerInfo as $container => $info ) {
            $this->containerStatCache->setField( $container, 'stat', $info );
        }
    }
 
    protected function doGetFileStatMulti( array $params ) {
        $stats = [];
 
        $reqs = []; // (path => op)
        // (a) Check the containers of the paths...
        foreach ( $params['srcs'] as $path ) {
            [ $srcCont, $srcRel ] = $this->resolveStoragePathReal( $path );
            if ( $srcRel === null ) {
                // invalid storage path
                $stats[$path] = self::RES_ERROR;
                continue;
            }
 
            $cstat = $this->getContainerStat( $srcCont );
            if ( $cstat === self::RES_ABSENT ) {
                $stats[$path] = self::RES_ABSENT;
                continue; // ok, nothing to do
            } elseif ( $cstat === self::RES_ERROR ) {
                $stats[$path] = self::RES_ERROR;
                continue;
            }
 
            $reqs[$path] = [
                'method'  => 'HEAD',
                'container' => $srcCont,
                'relPath' => $srcRel,
                'headers' => $this->headersFromParams( $params )
            ];
        }
 
        // (b) Check the files themselves...
        $reqs = $this->requestMultiWithAuth(
            $reqs,
            [ 'maxConnsPerHost' => $params['concurrency'] ]
        );
        foreach ( $reqs as $path => $op ) {
            [ $rcode, $rdesc, $rhdrs, $rbody, $rerr ] = $op['response'];
            if ( $rcode === 200 || $rcode === 204 ) {
                // Update the object if it is missing some headers
                if ( !empty( $params['requireSHA1'] ) ) {
                    $rhdrs = $this->addMissingHashMetadata( $rhdrs, $path );
                }
                // Load the stat map from the headers
                $stat = $this->getStatFromHeaders( $rhdrs );
                if ( $this->isRGW ) {
                    $stat['latest'] = true; // strong consistency
                }
            } elseif ( $rcode === 404 ) {
                $stat = self::RES_ABSENT;
            } else {
                $stat = self::RES_ERROR;
                $this->onError( null, __METHOD__, $params, $rerr, $rcode, $rdesc, $rbody );
            }
            $stats[$path] = $stat;
        }
 
        return $stats;
    }
 
    protected function getStatFromHeaders( array $rhdrs ) {
        // Fetch all of the custom metadata headers
        $metadata = $this->getMetadataFromHeaders( $rhdrs );
        // Fetch all of the custom raw HTTP headers
        $headers = $this->extractMutableContentHeaders( $rhdrs );
 
        return [
            // Convert various random Swift dates to TS_MW
            'mtime' => $this->convertSwiftDate( $rhdrs['last-modified'], TS_MW ),
            // Empty objects actually return no content-length header in Ceph
            'size'  => isset( $rhdrs['content-length'] ) ? (int)$rhdrs['content-length'] : 0,
            'sha1'  => $metadata['sha1base36'] ?? null,
            // Note: manifest ETags are not an MD5 of the file
            'md5'   => ctype_xdigit( $rhdrs['etag'] ) ? $rhdrs['etag'] : null,
            'xattr' => [ 'metadata' => $metadata, 'headers' => $headers ]
        ];
    }
 
    protected function getAuthentication() {
        if ( $this->authErrorTimestamp !== null ) {
            $interval = time() - $this->authErrorTimestamp;
            if ( $interval < 60 ) {
                $this->logger->debug(
                    'rejecting request since auth failure occurred {interval} seconds ago',
                    [ 'interval' => $interval ]
                );
                return null;
            } else { // actually retry this time
                $this->authErrorTimestamp = null;
            }
        }
        // Authenticate with proxy and get a session key...
        if ( !$this->authCreds ) {
            $cacheKey = $this->getCredsCacheKey( $this->swiftUser );
            $creds = $this->srvCache->get( $cacheKey ); // credentials
            // Try to use the credential cache
            if ( isset( $creds['auth_token'] )
                && isset( $creds['storage_url'] )
                && isset( $creds['expiry_time'] )
                && $creds['expiry_time'] > time()
            ) {
                $this->setAuthCreds( $creds );
            } else { // cache miss
                $this->refreshAuthentication();
            }
        }
 
        return $this->authCreds;
    }
 
    private function setAuthCreds( ?array $creds ) {
        $this->logger->debug( 'Using auth token with expiry_time={expiry_time}',
            [
                'expiry_time' => isset( $creds['expiry_time'] )
                    ? gmdate( 'c', $creds['expiry_time'] ) : 'null'
            ]
        );
        $this->authCreds = $creds;
        // Ceph RGW does not use <account> in URLs (OpenStack Swift uses "/v1/<account>")
        if ( $creds && str_ends_with( $creds['storage_url'], '/v1' ) ) {
            $this->isRGW = true; // take advantage of strong consistency in Ceph
        }
    }
 
    private function refreshAuthentication() {
        [ $rcode, , $rhdrs, $rbody, ] = $this->http->run( [
            'method' => 'GET',
            'url' => "{$this->swiftAuthUrl}/v1.0",
            'headers' => [
                'x-auth-user' => $this->swiftUser,
                'x-auth-key' => $this->swiftKey
            ]
        ], self::DEFAULT_HTTP_OPTIONS );
 
        if ( $rcode >= 200 && $rcode <= 299 ) { // OK
            if ( isset( $rhdrs['x-auth-token-expires'] ) ) {
                $ttl = intval( $rhdrs['x-auth-token-expires'] );
            } else {
                $ttl = $this->authTTL;
            }
            $expiryTime = time() + $ttl;
            $creds = [
                'auth_token' => $rhdrs['x-auth-token'],
                'storage_url' => $this->swiftStorageUrl ?? $rhdrs['x-storage-url'],
                'expiry_time' => $expiryTime,
            ];
            $this->srvCache->set( $this->getCredsCacheKey( $this->swiftUser ), $creds, $expiryTime );
        } elseif ( $rcode === 401 ) {
            $this->onError( null, __METHOD__, [], "Authentication failed.", $rcode );
            $this->authErrorTimestamp = time();
            $creds = null;
        } else {
            $this->onError( null, __METHOD__, [], "HTTP return code: $rcode", $rcode, $rbody );
            $this->authErrorTimestamp = time();
            $creds = null;
        }
        $this->setAuthCreds( $creds );
        return $creds;
    }
 
    protected function storageUrl( array $creds, $container = null, $object = null ) {
        $parts = [ $creds['storage_url'] ];
        if ( ( $container ?? '' ) !== '' ) {
            $parts[] = rawurlencode( $container );
        }
        if ( ( $object ?? '' ) !== '' ) {
            $parts[] = str_replace( "%2F", "/", rawurlencode( $object ) );
        }
 
        return implode( '/', $parts );
    }
 
    protected function authTokenHeaders( array $creds ) {
        return [ 'x-auth-token' => $creds['auth_token'] ];
    }
 
    private function getCredsCacheKey( $username ) {
        return 'swiftcredentials:' . md5( $username . ':' . $this->swiftAuthUrl );
    }
 
    private function requestWithAuth( array $req, array $options = [] ) {
        return $this->requestMultiWithAuth( [ $req ], $options )[0]['response'];
    }
 
    private function requestMultiWithAuth( array $reqs, $options = [] ) {
        $remainingTries = 2;
        $auth = $this->getAuthentication();
        while ( true ) {
            if ( !$auth ) {
                foreach ( $reqs as &$req ) {
                    if ( !isset( $req['response'] ) ) {
                        $req['response'] = $this->getAuthFailureResponse();
                    }
                }
                break;
            }
            foreach ( $reqs as &$req ) {
                '@phan-var array $req'; // Not array[]
                if ( isset( $req['response'] ) ) {
                    // Request was attempted before
                    // Retry only if it gave a 401 response code
                    if ( $req['response']['code'] !== 401 ) {
                        continue;
                    }
                }
                $req['headers'] = $this->authTokenHeaders( $auth ) + ( $req['headers'] ?? [] );
                $req['url'] = $this->storageUrl( $auth, $req['container'], $req['relPath'] ?? null );
            }
            unset( $req );
            $reqs = $this->http->runMulti( $reqs, $options + self::DEFAULT_HTTP_OPTIONS );
            if ( --$remainingTries > 0 ) {
                // Retry if any request failed with 401 "not authorized"
                foreach ( $reqs as $req ) {
                    if ( $req['response']['code'] === 401 ) {
                        $auth = $this->refreshAuthentication();
                        continue 2;
                    }
                }
            }
            break;
        }
        return $reqs;
    }
 
    private function getAuthFailureResponse() {
        return [
            'code' => 0,
            0 => 0,
            'reason' => '',
            1 => '',
            'headers' => [],
            2 => [],
            'body' => '',
            3 => '',
            'error' => self::AUTH_FAILURE_ERROR,
            4 => self::AUTH_FAILURE_ERROR
        ];
    }
 
    private function isAuthFailureResponse( $code, $error ) {
        return $code === 0 && $error === self::AUTH_FAILURE_ERROR;
    }
 
    public function onError( $status, $func, array $params, $err = '', $code = 0, $desc = '', $body = '' ) {
        if ( $this->isAuthFailureResponse( $code, $err ) ) {
            if ( $status instanceof StatusValue ) {
                $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-connect', $this->name );
            }
            // Already logged
            return;
        }
        if ( $status instanceof StatusValue ) {
            $status->fatal( 'backend-fail-internal', $this->name );
        }
        $msg = "HTTP {code} ({desc}) in '{func}'";
        $msgParams = [
            'code'   => $code,
            'desc'   => $desc,
            'func'   => $func,
            'req_params' => $params,
        ];
        if ( $err ) {
            $msg .= ': {err}';
            $msgParams['err'] = $err;
        }
        if ( $code == 502 ) {
            $msg .= ' ({truncatedBody})';
            $msgParams['truncatedBody'] = substr( strip_tags( $body ), 0, 100 );
        }
        $this->logger->error( $msg, $msgParams );
    }
}
 
class_alias( SwiftFileBackend::class, 'SwiftFileBackend' );